Selection of pepper genotypes for ornamentation based on ideotype

Peppers of the Capsicum annuum species are the most suitable for use in ornamentation, for having characters that confer aesthetic value, for being easy to cultivate and for good adaptability in pot. Despite the great variability that exists, in Brazil few commercial varieties are used for this purpose. It is of interest to the plant breeder, an ideotype that contains all the Research, Society and Development, v. 9, n. 11, e79491110399, 2020 (CC BY 4.0) | ISSN 2525-3409 | DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i11.10399 3 characteristics of interest for commercialization. The aim of the present study is to evaluate and select C. annuum genotypes, with potential for ornamentation that most closely resemble the proposed ideotype. 14 quantitative traits and seven qualitative traits were evaluated in 29 C. annuum genotypes, in a completely randomized design with five replications. The cultivar Calypso was used as an ideotype for presenting desirable characters to the ornamental pepper market. Nine genotypes were selected as the most similar to the Calypso ideotype (ideotype), with the potential to be used in future crossings between them and / or with the ideotype.

and of different shapes. The objective of the work was to evaluate and select C. annuum genotypes with ornamental potential that most resemble the composite ideotype.

Plant materials
The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, in the Department of Plant Science. A completely randomized design was used, with 29 treatments (genotypes) and five replications, where the experimental unit consisted of one plant per pot. Were used 29 genotypes of C.
annuum (Table 1), selected for their potential for ornamentation.  Table 1 shows the 29 genotypes evaluated, with their respective common names. The first 15 were from New Mexico, the next three from the UFV germplasm bank (BAG-UFV) and the remaining 11 were commercial varieties.

Morpho-agronomic characterization
For the morpho-agronomic characterization of the genotypes, the ornamental potential associated with characters of interest for consumption was taken into account, considering that pepper plants can have dual purposes. The descriptors established by the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute for the genus Capsicum were taken as a base (IPGRI, 1995).
For the development of the research, the quantitative method was used, in which the collection of quantitative data was carried out by means of specific measurements of quantities using metrology. The collected numbers, with their respective units, generated data sets that were analyzed using mathematical techniques (Pereira et al., 2018).
shape; IFC-immature fruit color; INFC-intermediary fruit color; RFC-ripe fruit color. The evaluations of the listed characteristics were visual.

Ideotype
In the present study, it was proposed as an ideotype to cultivate Calypso. The Calypso variety (genotype 19 -see Table 1) is a very popular among ornamental peppers, grown in Brazil and other countries (Finger et al., 2015). It is indicated as a potential ornamental pepper ideotype, as it presents characteristics of interest such as vigorous seedling, small size, large flowers, small fruits and large pedicels, which are important characteristics as large pedicels highlights the flowers and fruits among the leaves (Melo et al., 2014).

Statistical analyses
The BLUP means of quantitative characteristics Was adopted the mixed model statistical analyses via REML/BLUP (restricted residual maximum likelihood and best linear unbiased prediction). The model for a completely randomized design was used (model 83) (Resende, 2007): Where: Y = data vector; u = scalar referring to the overall mean (assumed as fixed); g = vector of genotypic effects (assumed as random); e = vector of residue (random). The uppercase letters X and Z, represent the incidence matrices for these effects.
To evaluate the distance between the genotypes and the ideotype, the average Euclidean distance between each of the 28 genotypes and the cultivar Calypso was calculated using the BLUP means of quantitative characteristics. The analyzes were performed using the program R (R Development Core Team, 2015).

Results and Discussion
The standardized average Euclidean distance between each genotype and the cultivar Calypso (Ideotype) was calculated, based on the BLUP means of the quantitative characteristics as shown in Table 2.
Research, Society and Development, v. 9, n. 11, e79491110399, 2020 (CC BY 4.0) | ISSN 2525-3409 | DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i11.10399 Table 2 -BLUP means of the 14 quantitative characteristics and the description of the seven qualitative characters evaluated, regarding the 9 genotypes that most resemble the ideotype. PH -Plant height (cm); SL -stem length (cm); SD -stem diameter (mm); CADcanopy diameter (cm); LS -leaf size (cm); DCO -diameter of the corolla (mm); FW -fruit weight (grams); FL -fruit length (mm); FD -fruit diameter (mm); TP -thickness of the pericarp (mm); FM -fresh mass (grams); DM -dry mass (grams) and NS/FR -number of seeds per fruit ( Barroso et al. (2012) state that the harmony between the architecture of the plant and the size of the pot is important for determining the quality of an ornamental pepper tree. In addition, according to the authors, to maintain the harmony of small ornamental pepper trees, small leaves are interesting (Pessoa et al., 2018). The genotypes Picante para Vaso, BHG 7073, Jamaica Yellow, Vulcão, MG 302 and Peter have smaller leaves than those of the Calypso plants.
Another characteristic of interest in breeding, which influences the size is the diameter of the stem, since plants with a very thin stem tend to lodging and lose their commercial value (Neto et al., 2014). The diameter of the stem must be large enough to support the weight of the plant and fruit (Ferreira et al., 2015). Only the cultivar Peter had a higher stem diameter than Calypso.
Higher values of corolla diameter were found for the varieties Picante para Vaso, Vulcão, Numex Mirasol 1, Pimenta Amarela Comprida and Peter. Santos et al. (2013) reported that the selection of genotypes with large flowers is important not only in the ornamental aspect. According to the authors, plants with large flowers have potential for use in ornamental pepper breeding programs, because they provide beauty to the plant and are impressive and attractive to consumers.
The fruits of ornamental pepper trees are of great value mainly for their dual purpose, and can be used for consumption, in addition to granting beauty to ornamental plants (Rêgo & Rêgo, 2016). This characteristic has added value to pepper plants, configuring itself as another way to increase the financial return for the producer Rêgo & Rêgo, 2016). As a result, the study of fruit characters such as pericarp thickness, number of seeds per fruit, fresh mass and dry mass, becomes interesting. indicate a greater possibility of obtaining erect fruits, more prominent in the foliage. These fruits are ideal for growing in small pots, due to the small size of the plants (Silva et al., 2015). Large and long fruits are generally more attractive to the market of fresh pepper (Cardoso et al., 2018).
The pericarp thickness is directly correlated with the production (Rêgo et al., 2011) and influences the increase in the firmness of the fruits. It is an important aspect in quality, as fruits with a thicker wall are more resistant to damage during handling and have a fresher appearance (Cardoso et al., 2018). On the other hand, thinner fruits can be used for processing, due to the higher content of soluble solids (Lannes et al., 2007). Apart from Pimenta Amarela Comprida, the other selected genotypes have less thick pericarp than of the Calypso cultivar fruits.
The genotypes with the highest levels of fresh and dry matter were Jamaica Yellow, Numex Mirasol 1, Yellow pepper and Peter. Fruits with higher dry mass contents are more suitable for the production of dehydrated products, as it is easier to reduce the moisture content (Lannes et al., 2007).
The BGH 1039 genotype showed the highest number of fruits per plant (33 fruits).
Higher amounts of fruits per plant and small fruits are aspects of interest for cultivation in pots and use in interior decoration (Pessoa et al., 2018). Holambra (2018) recommended a minimum of 10 fruits for ornamental peppers. However, it was emphasized that, for varieties with larger fruits, a smaller number of fruits per pot was sufficient for commercialization, as observed for the variety Calypso, which showed an average of seven fruits per plant in this experiment.
The simultaneous occurrence of fruits of different colors on the same plant, due to the different stages of ripening, contributes to the ornamental aspect. Thus, this trait should be considered by breeders in the development of new ornamental pepper cultivars (Neitzke et al., 2016). There is a growing demand for plants with flowers and purple, dark purple and black