Antibacterial and antifungal activities herbácia Zingiber Officinale in dentistry : a literature review

The pathogenic dental biofilm formed by species presents itself as a serious problem, since it contributes to the development of oral and bodily diseases. In this sense, Dentistry stands out for expanding knowledge about the oral ecosystem and performing procedures aimed at reducing its pathogenicity and improving oral health. Thus, technological advances and Research, Society and Development, v. 9, n. 10, e6689109141. 2020 (CC BY 4.0) | ISSN 2525-3409 | DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i10.9141 2 indiscriminate application of antibiotics have made bacterial strains resistant, with a great search for safer, more natural and effective methods. Therefore, the use of plants for healthy treatments is an area of great study in Dentistry. In the present literature review, we sought to analyze the species Zingiber officinali with its antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity. For this study, materials were searched at the BIREME, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Embase, Google Schoolar, PubMed, Science Direct, published until August 2020. The search for the articles was carried out in August 2020, of the 3,401 studies were refined in 18. The findings showed that the plant Zingiber officinale has the capacity to inhibit certain bacteria in vitro, such as Bacillus sp., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus mutans and fungi, like Candida albicans. Thus, studies in the area are still needed in order to prove its effectiveness in vivo, to analyze the toxicity, drug interactions and side effects of the plant.

In the present work, the Zingiber officinale plant was chosen, which although originate in Asia (Ghasemzadeh et al., 2018) has proliferated in the world, becoming easily accessible in Brazil. In this sense, its effects of therapeutic importance are overlooked, since it is known worldwide for its use in the food industry. It was found that its constituents, such as rhizome extract (stem extension) and phenols (gingerol and shogaol), have pharmacological functions, as they act in addition to antiemetics, anti-inflammatory and thermogenic, such as antibacterials and antifungals, being non-genotoxic (Grégio et al., 2006;Gull et al., 2012;Kumar et al., 2013;Valera et al., 2016;Guo et al., 2017;Cavalcante, 2019).
From this perspective, the objective of this work was to investigate the antibacterial and antifungal activity of Zingiber officinale in the existing literature, focusing on activities of interest in Dentistry.

Metodology
The literature review followed the precepts of the integrative study with a qualitative method. This design provides through a bibliographic search in books and scientific articles on the subject, the synthesis of knowledge to show future perspectives and incorporation of the applicability of the results (Pereira et al., 2018). Different searches were carried out in the month of August 2020, including articles that addressed the plant's antibiofilm or antibacterial properties, published in the last 15 years. Literature reviews and case reports were excluded, as well as studies that did not address the theme of the present study.
Electronic searches were performed in the period from August and September 2020 in the PubMed / MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL and Science Direct databases for articles published until August 2020, in addition to complementary tracking in Google Schoolar and in the reference lists of the articles included in the review.
In the PUBMED database, the first research was carried out by combining the MeSH descriptors: "Anti infective agents", "Antifungal agents", "Dentistry" and "Periodontal disease" and its derivatives, together with the keyword "Zingiber officinale" and synonyms joined with Boolean operator "AND". In total, 392 articles were found for further analysis of the title and abstract.
The flowchart (Figure 1) presented, describes the number of articles found, how many excluded by the exclusion criteria (escape from the topic, duplicate or papers older than 20 years, case reports and literature review) until reaching the articles included in the review of literature. Following criteria in the selection of studies generates better reliability and generalizability of the study's conclusions.

Results
After a critical reading of titles, abstracts and removal of duplicates, of the 3,401 articles found, 18 studies were selected that met the inclusion criteria. Following up on this screening, Research, Society and Development, v. 9, n. 10, e6689109141. 2020 (CC BY 4.0) | ISSN 2525-3409 | DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i10.9141 6 their full assessments were made, aiming to define the most considerable points to be analyzed and reflected.
The methodological process of organizing the included articles is shown in Table 1, where the extracts used stand out. All studies were in vitro and there are publications in three languages (English, Portuguese and Spanish). In addition, there were tests with various microorganisms as well as with various properties of the plant. Table 1 -Detailed analysis of publications. Development, v. 9, n. 10, e6689109141. 2020 (CC BY 4.0) | ISSN 2525-3409 | DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i10.9141