The poison is on the table: an analysis of the pesticides present in the food of Brazilians
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i12.20085Keywords:
Pesticide; Residue; Food; Risk to human health.Abstract
Brazil is the world's largest consumer of pesticides. To monitor the quality of food sold in the country, the Program for Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Food (Programa de Análise de Resíduos de Agrotóxicos em Alimentos - PARA) was created, responsible for carrying out analyzes of these foods and providing annual reports. The objective of this study was to carry out a survey of the information contained in these reports on the residues of pesticides found on unsatisfactory samples (unauthorized pesticides and/or above the permitted limit). This is a descriptive documentary study, based on the reports available (2001 to 2018). Information was collected on the pesticides that most appeared among the samples considered unsatisfactory and their possible damage to human health. Strawberries, bell peppers, and cucumbers presented the largest numbers of samples unsatisfactory, mostly because of the presence of pesticides unauthorized. The pesticides that have been repeated the most irregularly were chlorpyrifos, carbendazim, acefate and metamidophos, the latter has been banned since 2011 in Brazil. Evidence show that such pesticides are toxic to the human organism. Measures are needed to better control and inspect food and pesticides sold in Brazil, also raise awareness among the population and rural producers.
References
ANVISA, Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. (2008). Programa de Análise de Resíduos de Agrotóxicos em Alimentos – PARA. http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/documents/111215/117818/nota%2Btecnica%2B-%2Bresultados%2Bpara%2B2008.pdf/78967b71-4df4-4b47-b5b3-6d71de54b3923
ANVISA, Agencia Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. (2011). Resolução n 1, de 14 de Janeiro de 2011. Regulamento técnico para o ingrediente ativo Metamidofós em decorrência da reavaliação toxicológica.
ANVISA, Agencia Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (2015). Monografia Clorpirifós, Resolução RE n° 2.346 de 17/08/15. http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/documents/111215/117782/C20%2B%2BClorpirif%25C3%25B3s.pdf/f8ddca3d-4e17-4cea-a3d2-d8c5babe36ae
ANVISA, Agencia Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. (2016a). RELATÓRIO DAS ANÁLISES DE AMOSTRAS MONITORADAS NO PERÍODO DE 2013 A 2015.
ANVISA. (2016b). Monografia Acefato, Resolução RE n° 3.083 de 17/11/16. http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/documents/111215/117782/A02+-+Acefato/651fe170-9e1f-409f-93a3-b31b99e426b2?version=1.1
ANVISA. (2019a). Monografia Carbendazim. Resolução RE nº 2.752 de 02/10/19. http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/documents/111215/117782/c24.pdf/a019eb91-b52d-492d-8140-ae82f54d5698
ANVISA. (2019b). Monografia Glifosato. Resolução RE nº 3.133 de 06/11/19. http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/documents/111215/117782/G01%2B%2BGlifosato.pdf/6a549ab8-990c-4c6b-b421-699e8f4b9ab4
Astiz, M., de Alaniz, M. J. T., & Marra, C. A. (2009). The impact of simultaneous intoxication with agrochemicals on the antioxidant defense system in rat. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 94(2), 93-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2009.03.005
Benachour, N., & Séralini, G.-E. (2009). Glyphosate Formulations Induce Apoptosis and Necrosis in Human Umbilical, Embryonic, and Placental Cells. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 22(1), 97-105. https://doi.org/10.1021/tx800218n.
Benedetti, A. s. L. et al. (2004). The effects of sub-chronic exposure of Wistar rats to the herbicide Glyphosate-Biocarb®. Toxicology Letters, 153(2), 227-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.04.008.
Bhandari, G. et al. (2019). Pesticide residues in Nepalese vegetables and potential health risks. Environmental Research, 172, 511-521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.002.
Brazil. Ministério da Saúde. (2019). Edital de chamamento nº 1, de 19 de dezembro de 2019. Diário Oficial da União. Ministério da Saúde. 2019.
Carneiro, F. F. (2015). Dossiê ABRASCO: um alerta sobre os impactos dos agrotóxicos na saúde. Escola Politécnica de Saúde Joaquim Venâncio. Expressão Popular.
Chiu, Y. H. et al. (2015). Fruit and vegetable intake and their pesticide residues in relation to semen quality among men from a fertility clinic. Human Reproduction, 30(6), 1342-1351. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dev064.
Chiu, Y.H. et al. (2018). Association Between Pesticide Residue Intake From Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables and Pregnancy Outcomes Among Women Undergoing Infertility Treatment With Assisted Reproductive Technology. JAMA Internal Medicine, 178(1), 17-26. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.5038.
Chu, Z. et al.(2019). Residue levels and health risk of pesticide residues in bell pepper in Shandong. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 36(9), 1385-1392. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1628362
DATASUS. (2020). Intoxicação exógena – Notificações registradas no SINAN. http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/tabcgi.exe?sinannet/cnv/Intoxbr.def
Dennis, B. (2021). Federal court rules EPA must ban pesticide linked to harm in children — or prove it is safe. https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2021/04/29/federal-court-rules-epa-must-ban-pesticide-linked-harm-children-or-prove-it-is-safe/
Dhanushka, M. A. T., & Peiris, L. D. C. (2017). Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects of Acephate on Human Sperm. Journal of Toxicology, 2017, 3874817. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3874817
EFSA. European Food Safety Authority (2010). Conclusion on the Peer Review of th Pesticide Risk Assessment of the Active Substance Carbendazim. EFSA Journal, 8(5):1598. 2010.
EFSA. European Food Safety Authority (2017). Commission Implementing Regulation (Eu) 2017/2324 of 12 December 2017: Renewing the approval of the active substance glyphosate in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market, and amending the Annex to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 540/2011. Official Journal of the European Union. 2017.
Elias, C. de S. R., et al. (2012). Quando chega o fim? uma revisão narrativa sobre terminalidade do período escolar para alunos deficientes mentais. SMAD Revista Eletrônica Saúde Mental Álcool E Drogas (Edição Em Português), 8(1), 48-53. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1806-6976.v8i1p48-53
Fu, D.-J. et al. (2019). Mechanisms of synergistic neurotoxicity induced by two high risk pesticide residues – Chlorpyrifos and Carbofuran via oxidative stress. Toxicology in Vitro, 54, 338-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2018.10.016.
Gómez-Ramos, M. d. M. et al. (2020). Pesticide residues evaluation of organic crops. A critical appraisal. Food Chemistry: X, 5, 100079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.2020.100079.
Greenpeace Brasil. (2019). Um governo com mais fome de veneno. https://www.greenpeace.org/brasil/blog/um-governo-com-fome-de-veneno/
Grigori, P. (2019). Apicultores brasileiros encontram meio bilhão de abelhas mortas em três meses: Casos foram detectados no Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo e Mato Grosso do Sul. Análises laboratoriais identificaram agrotóxicos em cerca de 80% dos enxames mortos no RS. https://reporterbrasil.org.br/2019/03/apicultores-brasileiros-encontram-meio-bilhao-de-abelhas-mortas-em-tres-meses/
Grigori, P. (2021). Bolsonaro bate o próprio recorde: 2020 é o ano com maior aprovação de agrotóxicos da história. https://apublica.org/2021/01/bolsonaro-bate-o-proprio-recorde-2020-e-o-ano-com-maior-aprovacao-de-agrotoxicos-da-historia/
IARC. International Agency for Research on Cancer (2015). IARC Monographs Volume 112: evaluation of five organophosphate insecticides and herbicides.
IBAMA. (2019). Relatórios de comercialização de agrotóxicos. http://www.ibama.gov.br/agrotoxicos/relatorios-de-comercializacao-de-agrotoxicos.
Jallow, M. F. A. et al. (2017). Monitoring of Pesticide Residues in Commonly Used Fruits and Vegetables in Kuwait. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080833.
Knežević, Z., & Serdar, M. (2011). Risk assessment of human exposure to pesticides in food. ARHIV ZA HIGIJENU RADA I TOKSIKOLOGIJU-ARCHIVES OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY, 62(3), 269-278. https://doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-62-2011-2112.
Leão, G. da C., & Ferreira, J. C. de S. (2021). Nutrition and food changes in the middle of the pandemic COVID-19. Research, Society and Development, 10(7), e11610716602. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i7.16602.
Li, J.-W. et al (2019). Age- and diet-specific effects of chronic exposure to chlorpyrifos on hormones, inflammation and gut microbiota in rats. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 159, 68-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.05.018.
Li, Z. et al. (2018). A monitoring survey and dietary risk assessment for pesticide residues on peaches in China. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 97, 152-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.06.007.
Lima, C. S. et al. (2011). Exposure to methamidophos at adulthood adversely affects serotonergic biomarkers in the mouse brain. NeuroToxicology, 32(6), 718-724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2011.08.002.
Lisovska, V. et al (2017). Endocrine disruption and carcinogenesis: Evaluation of neoplasms in endocrine organs of rat in Carbendazim carcinogenic chronic study. 280, S167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.07.467.
Liu, J. et al (2019). Low dose carbendazim disrupts mouse spermatogenesis might Be through estrogen receptor related histone and DNA methylation. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 176, 242-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.103.
Loughlin, T. M. et al. (2018). Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables of the argentine domestic market: Occurrence and quality. Food Control, 93, 129-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.05.041.
Ludke, M. & Andre, M. E . D. A. (1986). Pesquisas em educação: uma abordagem qualitativa. São Paulo: EPU, 1986.
Maretto, G. X. et al. (2012). Acute exposure to the insecticide O,S-dimethyl phosphoramidothioate (methamidophos) leads to impairment of cardiovascular reflexes in rats. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 80, 203-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.03.001.
Mostafalou, S., & Abdollahi, M. (2017). Pesticides: an update of human exposure and toxicity. Archives of Toxicology, 91(2), 549-599. doi:10.1007/s00204-016-1849-x https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-016-1849-x.
Nagy, K. et al. (2019). Comparative cyto- and genotoxicity assessment of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides in human peripheral white blood cells. Environmental Research, 179, 108851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108851
Noblat, A. K. de M. et al., (2021). Impact of pesticides on food: A literature review. Research, Society and Development, 10(6), e36110614504. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i6.14504
Nougadère A. et al. (2020). Dietary exposure to pesticide residues and associated health risks in infants and young children - Results of the French infant total diet study. Environment international. 2020. 137:105529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105529
Ortega-Olvera, J. M. et al. (2018). The organophosphate pesticide methamidophos opens the blood-testis barrier and covalently binds to ZO-2 in mice. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 360, 257-272. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2018.10.003
Peng, F.-J. et al. (2020). Exposure to multiclass pesticides among female adult population in two Chinese cities revealed by hair analysis. Environ Int, 138, 105633. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105633
Pirsaheb, M. et al. (2015). Organochlorine pesticides residue in breast milk: a systematic review. Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 29, 228-228. PMID: 26478886.
Poulsen, M. E. et al. (2017). Results from the Danish monitoring programme for pesticide residues from the period 2004–2011. Food Control, 74, 25-33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.11.022
Reis, V. (2019). Entenda o que é o glifosato, o agrotóxico mais vendido do mundo. https://www.abrasco.org.br/site/noticias/movimentos-sociais/entenda-o-que-e-o-glifosato-o-agrotoxico-mais-vendido-do-mundo/40996/
Ren, X. et al. (2018). Effects of glyphosate on the ovarian function of pregnant mice, the secretion of hormones and the sex ratio of their fetuses. Environmental Pollution, 243, 833-841. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.049
Ribeiro, T. A. et al. (2016). Acephate exposure during a perinatal life program to type 2 diabetes. Toxicology, 372, 12-21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2016.10.010
Slowik-Borowiec, M. et al. (2016). Occurrence of pesticide residues in fruiting vegetables from production farms in south-eastern region of Poland. 67(4). PMID: 27925705.
Sójka, M. et al. (2015). Pesticide residue levels in strawberry processing by-products that are rich in ellagitannins and an assessment of their dietary risk to consumers. NFS Journal, 1, 31-37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nfs.2015.09.001
Tang, Q. et al. (2020). Glyphosate exposure induces inflammatory responses in the small intestine and alters gut microbial composition in rats. Environmental Pollution, 261, 114129. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114129
USEPA. United States Environmental Protection Agency (2014). Thiophanate-Methyl and Carbendazim (MBC). Human Health Assessment Scoping Document in Support of Registration Revies. Memorandum. 2014.
Urióstegui-Acosta, M. et al. (2014). Methamidophos alters sperm function and DNA at different stages of spermatogenesis in mice. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 279(3), 391-400. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2014.06.017
Ventura, C. et al. (2016). Pesticide chlorpyrifos acts as an endocrine disruptor in adult rats causing changes in mammary gland and hormonal balance. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 156, 1-9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.10.010
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Ana Carolina Araújo Silva; Danúbia Domingos Epifânio; Mariana Linhares Pereira; Farah Maria Drumond Chequer
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.