Piper methysticum G. Forst (Piperaceae) in the central nervous system: phytochemistry, pharmacology and mechanism of action
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i12.20479Keywords:
Piper methysticum; Kava-kava; Fitoquímica; Farmacología; Mecanismo de acción.Abstract
Due to the continuous increase in incidents of diseases and disorders in the central nervous system as neurodegenerative disease, the growth of studies that seek to use herbal medicines has been observed, since these are more easily produced and more economically viable, in addition to having side effects to a lesser extent when compared to existing synthetic drugs. In this way, a wide variety of plants have been analyzed for their medicinal purposes and this review presents papers published from 1970 to 2021 that describe the chemical composition pharmacological activities and elucidates mechanisms of action in the central nervous system (CNS) of the species Piper methysticum (Kava-kava). The Kava-kava has a class of compounds that include tannins, alkaloids, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, sugars, bornyl-cinnamate, stigmasterol, flavocavaines, mucilages, pyrones, tetrahydroiangonins, phytochemicals that are responsible for the pharmacological activities of this plant being thus more studied as anxiolytic, sedative and neuroprotection. Some action mechanisms that describe the performance of kava in the CNS were also addressed, Being the main ones related to blocking of sodium and calcium ion channels, modulation of the erythroid 2 pathway, to receptors such as γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamatergics, glycine and cannabinoid, as well as monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase enzymes, in addition to neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine. Therefore, this study aims to open new paths for more in-depth pharmacological studies on Kava-kava, and its use in the central nervous system.
References
Amaral, P. A., Gouault, N., Le Roch, M., Eifler-Lima, V. L., & David, M. (2008). Towards synthesis of kavalactone derivatives. Tetrahedron Letters, 49 (47), 6607-6609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.07.102
Backhauβ, C., & Krieglstein, J. (1992). Extract of kava (Piper methysticum) and its methysticin constituents protect brain tissue against ischemic damage in rodents. European journal of pharmacology, 215 (2-3), 265-269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(92)90037-5
Barbosa, D. R., Lenardon, L., & Partata, A. K. (2013). Kava-kava (Piper methysticum): uma revisão geral. Revista Científica do ITPAC, 6 (3), 1-19.
Baum, S. S., Hill, R., & Rommelspacher, H. (1998). Effect of kava extract and individual kavapyrones on neurotransmitter levels in the nucleus accumbens of rats. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 22 (7), 1105-1120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-5846(98)00062-1
Becker, M. W., Lourençone, E. M. S., Mello, A. F., Branco, A., Rodrigues Filho, E. M., Blatt, C. R., Mallmann, C. A., Schneider, M., Caregnato, R. C. A., & Blatt, C. R. (2019). Liver transplantation and the use of KAVA: Case report. Phytomedicine, 56, 21-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2018.08.011
Behl, M., Nyska, A., Chhabra, R. S., Travlos, G. S., Fomby, L. M., Sparrow, B. R., Hejtmancik, M. R., & Chan, P. C. (2011). Liver toxicity and carcinogenicity in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice exposed to Kava Kava. Food and chemical toxicology, 49 (11), 2820-2829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2011.07.067
Bian, T., Corral, P., Wang, Y., Botello, J., Kingston, R., Daniels, T., Salloum, R. G., Johnston, E., Huo, Z., & Lu, J. (2020). Kava as a Clinical Nutrient: Promises and Challenges. Nutrients, 12 (10), 3044-3078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12103044
Blumenthal, M. (2002). Herb sales down in mainstream market, up in natural food stores. HerbalGram, 55, 60.
Bruner, N., & Anderson, K. (2009). Discriminative-stimulus and time-course effects of kava-kava (Piper methysticum) in rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 92, 297-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2008.12.017
Cagnacci, A., Arangino, S., Renzi, A., Zanni, A. L., Malmusi, S., & Volpe, A. (2003). Kava–Kava administration reduces anxiety in perimenopausal women. Maturitas, 44 (2), 103-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-5122(02)00317-1
Chauhan, A. K., Dobhal, M. P., & Joshi, B. C. (1988). A review of medicinal plants showing anticonvulsant activity. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 22 (1), 11-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(88)90226-7
Chua, H. C., Christensen, E. T., Hoestgaard-Jensen, K., Hartiadi, L. Y., Ramzan, I., Jensen, A. A., Absalom, N. L., & Chebib, M. (2016). Kavain, the major constituent of the anxiolytic kava extract, potentiates GABAA receptors: functional characteristics and molecular mechanism. PLoS One, 11 (6), e0157700.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157700
Camargo, A. L., Ferreira, M. B. C., & Heineck, I (2006). Adverse drug reactions: a cohort study in internal medicine units at a university hospital. European journal of clinical pharmacology, 62 (2), 143-149. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1007/s00228-005-0086-7
Capasso, A., & Sorrentino, L. (2005). Pharmacological studies on the sedative and hypnotic effect of Kava kava and Passiflora extracts combination. Phytomedicine, 12 (1-2), 39-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2004.03.006
Carlini, E. (2003). Plants and the central nervous system. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 75 (3), 501-512. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-3057(03)00112-6
Carlini, E., & Nappo, S. A. (2003). The pharmacovigilance of psychoactive medications in Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 25 (4), 200-205. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-44462003000400004
Chanwai, L. G. (2000). Kava toxicity. Emergency Medicine, 12 (2), 142-145. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-2026.2000.00107.x
Cheng, D., Lidgard, A. O., Duffield, P. H., Duffield, A. M., & Brophy, J. J. (1988). Identification by methane chemical ionization gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of the products obtained by steam distillation and aqueous acid extraction of commercial Piper methysticum. Biological Mass Spectrometry. 17 (5), 371-376. https://doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200170505
Coló, J. (2006) Trabalho de conclusão de curso (TCC) em farmácia e bioquímica. Kava-kava
Cordeiro, C. H. G., Chung, M., & Sacramento, L. V. S. (2005). Drug interactions between herbs and medicines: Hypericum perforatum and Piper methysticum. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 15 (3), 272-278. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-695X2005000300019
Côté, C. S., Kor, C., Cohen, J., & Auclair, K. (2004). Composition and biological activity of traditional and commercial kava extracts. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 322 (1), 147-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.07.093
Davies, L. P., Drew, C. A., Duffield, P., Johnston, G. A., & Jamieson, D. D. (1992). Kava pyrones and resin: studies on GABAA, GABAB and benzodiazepine binding sites in rodent brain. Pharmacology & toxicology, 71 (2), 120-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1992.tb00530.x
DiNunzio, J. C., & Williams III, R. O. (2008). CNS disorders—current treatment options and the prospects for advanced therapies. Drug development and industrial pharmacy, 34 (11), 1141-1167. https://doi.org/10.1080/03639040802020536
DiSilvestro, R. A., Zhang, W., & DiSilvestro, D. J. (2007). Kava feeding in rats does not cause liver injury nor enhance galactosamine-induced hepatitis. Food and chemical toxicology, 45 (7), 1293-1300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.01.015
Dragull, K., Yoshida, W. Y., & Tang, C. S. (2003). Piperidine alkaloids from Piper methysticum. Phytochemistry, 63 (2), 193-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00111-0
Duve, R. N., & Prasad, J. (1981). Quality evaluation of Yaqona (Piper methysticum) in Fiji. Fiji agricultural journal, 43, 1.
Fajemiroye, J. O., Silva, D. M., Oliveira, D. R., & Costa, E. A. (2016). Treatment of anxiety and depression: medicinal plants in retrospect. Fundamental & clinical pharmacology, 30 (3), 198-215. https://doi.org/10.1111/fcp.12186
Felipe, F. C. B., Sousa Filho, J. T., Oliveira Souza, L. E., Silveira, J. A., Andrade Uchoa, D. E. A., Silveira, E. R., Pessoa, O. D. L., & Barros Viana, G. S. B. (2007). Piplartine, an amide alkaloid from Piper tuberculatum, presents anxiolytic and antidepressant effects in mice. Phytomedicine, 14 (9), 605-612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2006.12.015
Fonteles, M. M. D. F., Francelino, E. V., Santos, L. K. X. D., Silva, K. M., Siqueira, R., Viana, G. S. D. B., Vasconcelos, S. M. M. D., Sousa, F. C. F. D., & Monteiro, M. P. (2009). Adverse reaction caused by drugs acting in nervous system: records analysis of a farmacovigilance center in Brazil. Archives of Clinical Psychiatry, 36 (4), 137-144. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-60832009000400003
Fragoulis, A., Siegl, S., Fendt, M., Jansen, S., Soppa, U., Brandenburg, L. O., Pufe, T., Weis, J., & Wruck, C. J. (2017). Oral administration of methysticin improves cognitive deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Redox biology, 12, 843-853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2017.04.024
Fu, P. P., Xia, Q., Guo, L., Yu, H., & Chan, P.C. (2008). Toxicity of kava kava. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part C, 26 (1), 89-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/10590500801907407
Garrett, K. M., Basmadjian, G., Khan, I. A., Schaneberg, B. T., & Seale, T. W. (2003). Extracts of kava (Piper methysticum) induce acute anxiolytic-like behavioral changes in mice. Psychopharmacology, 170 (1), 33-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-003-1520-0
Gleitz, J., Beile, A., & Peters, T. (1996). (±)-Kavain inhibits the veratridine-and KCl-induced increase in intracellular Ca2+ and glutamate-release of rat cerebrocortical synaptosomes. Neuropharmacology, 35 (2), 179-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0028-3908(95)00163-8
Goyal, K., Koul, V., Singh, Y., & Anand, A. (2014). Targeted drug delivery to central nervous system (CNS) for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders: trends and advances. Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Formerly Current Medicinal Chemistry-Central Nervous System Agents), 14 (1), 43-59. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871524914666141030145948
Hegazy, N. H., Breitinger, H. G., & Breitinger, U. (2019). Kavalactones from Kava (Piper methysticum) root extract as modulators of recombinant human glycine receptors. Biological chemistry, 400 (9), 1205-1215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2019-0112
Herath, H. D., Preston, S., Jabbar, A., Garcia-Bustos, J., Addison, R. S., Hayes, S., Rali, T., Wang, T., Koehler, A. V., Chang, B. C. H., Hofmann, A., Davis, R. A., & Gasser, R. B. (2019). Selected α-pyrones from the plants Cryptocarya novoguineensis (Lauraceae) and Piper methysticum (Piperaceae) with activity against Haemonchus contortus in vitro. International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance, 9, 72-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpddr.2018.12.006
Heinze, H., Münthe, T., Steitz, J., & Matzke, M. (1994). Pharmacopsychological effects of oxazepam and kava-extract in a visual search paradigm assessed with event-related potentials. Pharmacopsychiatry, 27 (06), 224-230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1014309
Iriti, M., Vitalini, S., Fico, G., & Faoro, F. (2010). Neuroprotective herbs and foods from different traditional medicines and diets. Molecules, 15 (5), 3517-3555. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15053517
Jaiswal, Y., Shaikh, M., Wang, I., Yong, Y., Lin Lin Lee, V., & Williams, L. (2020). Evaluation of Anti-Convulsive Properties of Aqueous Kava Extract on Zebrafish Using the PTZ-Induced Seizure Model. Brain Sciences, 10 (8), 541-552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10080541
Jaiswal, Y. S., Yerke, A. M., Bagley, M. C., Ekelöf, M., Weber, D., Haddad, D., Fodor, A., Muddiman, D. C., & Williams, L. L. (2020). 3D Imaging and metabolomic profiling reveal higher neuroactive kavalactone contents in lateral roots and crown root peels of Piper methysticum (kava). GigaScience, 9 (9), giaa096. https://doi.org/10.1093/gigascience/giaa096
Jeong, H. J., Lee, C. S., Choi, J., Hong, Y. D., Shin, S. S., Park, J. S., Lee, J. H., Lee, S., Yoon, K. D., & Ko, J. (2015). Flavokawains B and C, melanogenesis inhibitors, isolated from the root of Piper methysticum and synthesis of analogs. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 25 (4), 799-802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.082Get
Jhoo, J. W., Freeman, J. P., Heinze, T. M., Moody, D., Schnackenberg, L. K., Beger, R. D., Dragull, K., Tang, C. S., & Ang, C. Y. W. (2006). In vitro cytotoxicity of nonpolar constituents from different parts of kava plant (Piper methysticum). Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 54 (8), 3157-3162. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf051853j
Jussofie, A., Schmiz, A., & Hiemke, C. (1994). Kavapyrone enriched extract from Piper methysticum as modulator of the GABA binding site in different regions of rat brain. Psychopharmacology, 116 (4), 469-474. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02247480
Justo, S. C., Silva, C. M., & Silva, C. M. (2008). Piper methysticum G. Forster (Kava-Kava): uma abordagem geral. Revista Eletrônica de Farmácia, 5 (1), 73-82. https://doi.org/10.5216/ref.v5i1.4617
Kantati, Y. T., Kodjo, K. M., Dogbeavou, K. S., Vaudry, D., Leprince, J., & Gbeassor, M. (2016). Ethnopharmacological survey of plant species used in folk medicine against central nervous system disorders in Togo. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 181, 214-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.02.006
Krum, B. N., Freitas, C. M., Ceretta, A. P. C., Barbosa, C. P., Moraes Reis, E., Scussel, R., Córneo, E. S., Machado-de-Ávila, R. A., Boligon, A. A., & Fachinetto, R. (2021). Kava decreases the stereotyped behavior induced by amphetamine in mice. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 265, 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.113293
Kuchta, K., Nicola, P., & Schmidt, M. (2017). Randomized, dose‐controlled double‐blind trial: Efficacy of an ethanolic kava (Piper methysticum rhizome) extract for the treatment of anxiety in elderly patients. Traditional & Kampo Medicine, 5 (1), 3-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tkm2.1079
Kundap, U. P., Bhuvanendran, S., Kumari, Y., Othman, I., & Shaikh, M. F. (2017). Plant derived phytocompound, embelin in CNS disorders: a systematic review. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 8, 76. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00076
Kumar, H., More, S. V., Han, S. D., Choi, J. Y., & Choi, D. K. (2012). Promising therapeutics with natural bioactive compounds for improving learning and memory—a review of randomized trials. Molecules, 17 (9), 10503-10539. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules170910503
LaPorte, E., Sarris, J., Stough, C., & Scholey, A. (2011). Neurocognitive effects of kava (Piper methysticum): a systematic review. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 26 (2), 102-111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hup.1180
Lebot, V., Do, T., & Legendre, L. (2014). Detection of flavokavins (A, B, C) in cultivars of kava (Piper methysticum) using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). Food chemistry, 151, 554-560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.120
Lebot, V., McKenna, D. J., Johnston, E., Zheng, Q. Y., & McKern, D. J. (1999). Morphological, phytochemical, and genetic variation in Hawaiian cultivars of’awa (kava, Piper methysticum, Piperaceae). Economic botany, 53 (4), 407-418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02866720
Lee, M. J., & Tzeng, Y. M. (2015). Neuroprotective properties of kavalactones. Neural regeneration research, 10 (6), 875-877. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.4103/1673-5374.158335
Ligresti, A., Villano, R., Allarà, M., Ujváry, I., & Di Marzo, V (2012). Kavalactones and the endocannabinoid system: the plant-derived yangonin is a novel
CB1 receptor ligand. Pharmacological Research, 66 (2), 163-169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2012.04.003
Lin, S. X., Curtis, M. A., & Sperry, J. (2020). Pyridine alkaloids with activity in the central nervous system. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 28 (24), 115820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115820
Magura, E. I., Kopanitsa, M., Gleitz, J., Peters, T., & Krishtal, O. A. (1997). Kava extract ingredients, (+)-methysticin and (±)-kavain inhibit voltage-operated Na+-channels in rat CA1 hippocampal neurons. Neuroscience, 81 (2), 345-351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00177-2
Noor, N. A. (2010). Anxiolytic action and safety of Kava: Effect on rat brain acetylcholinesterase activity and some serum biochemical parameters. African
Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 4 (11), 823-828. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPP.9000059
Olsen, L. R., Grillo, M. P., & Skonberg, C. (2011). Constituents in kava extracts potentially involved in hepatotoxicity: a review. Chemical research in toxicology, 24 (7), 992-1002. https://doi.org/10.1021/tx100412m
Palioto, G., & Rocha, C. (2013). Mutagenic evaluation of Piper methysticum L. f. in Aspergillus nidulans methG1 system. Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, 15 (3), 347-351. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-05722013000300006
Pantano, F., Tittarelli, R., Mannocchi, G., Zaami, S., Ricci, S., Giorgetti, R., Terranova, D., Busardò, F., & Marinelli, E. (2016). Hepatotoxicity induced by “the 3Ks”: kava, kratom and khat. International journal of molecular sciences, 17 (4), 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms17040580
Petersen, G. E., Tang, Y., & Fields, C. (2019). Chemical and in vitro toxicity analysis of a supercritical fluid extract of Kava kava (Piper methysticum). Journal of ethnopharmacology, 235, 301-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.01.032
Raduege, K. M., Kleshinski, J. F., Ryckman, J. V., & Tetzlaff, J. E. (2004). Anesthetic considerations of the herbal, kava. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 16 (4), 305-311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinane.2003.08.009
Raza, M., Choudhary, M. I., & Atta-Ur-Rahman (2000). Medicinal plants with anticonvulsant activities. Bioactive Natural Products (Part C), 22, 507-553. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1572-5995(00)80034-4
Rex, A., Morgenstern, E., & Fink, H (2002). Anxiolytic-like effects of Kava-Kava in the elevated plus maze test—a comparison with diazepam. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 26 (5), 855-860. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-5846(01)00330-x
Sarris, J., Kavanagh, D. J., Byrne, G., Bone, K., Adams, J., & Deed, G. (2009). The Kava Anxiety Depression Spectrum Study (KADSS): a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial using an aqueous extract of Piper methysticum. Psychopharmacology, 205 (3), 399-407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-009-1549-9
Sarris, J., Scholey, A., Schweitzer, I., Bousman, C., LaPorte, E., Ng, C., Murray, G., & Stough, C. (2012). The acute effects of kava and oxazepam on anxiety, mood, neurocognition; and genetic correlates: a randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind study. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 27 (3), 262-269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hup.2216
Seitz, U., Schüle, A., & Gleitz, J. (1997). [3H]-monoamine uptake inhibition properties of kava pyrones. Planta medica, 63 (06), 548-549. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-957761
Shulgin, A. (1973). The narcotic pepper: the chemistry and pharmacology of Piper methysticum and related species. Bulletin on Narcotics, 25 (2), 59-74.
Singh, Y. N., & Singh, N. N. (2002). Therapeutic potential of kava in the treatment of anxiety disorders. CNS drugs, 16 (11), 731-743. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00023210-200216110-00002
Smith, K., & Leiras, C. (2018). The effectiveness and safety of Kava Kava for treating anxiety symptoms: A systematic review and analysis of randomized clinical trials. Complementary therapies in clinical practice, 33, 107-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.09.003
Smith, R. M. (1983). Kava lactones in Piper methysticum from Fiji. Phytochemistry, 22 (4), 1055-1056. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(83)85065-1
Smith, R. M., Thakrar, H., Arowolo, T., & Shafi, A. (1984). High-performance liquid chromatography of kava lactones from Piper methysticum. Journal of Chromatography A, 283, 303-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)96265-4
Terazawa, R., Akimoto, N., Kato, T., Itoh, T., Fujita, Y., Hamada, N., Deguchi, T., Iinuma, M., Noda, M., & Nozawa, Y. (2013). A kavalactone derivative inhibits lipopolysaccharide-stimulated iNOS induction and NO production through activation of Nrf2 signaling in BV2 microglial cells. Pharmacological Research, 71, 34-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2013.02.002
Teschke, R., Genthner, A., & Wolff, A. (2009). Kava hepatotoxicity: Comparison of aqueous, ethanolic, acetonic kava extracts and kava–herbs mixtures. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 123 (3), 378-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.03.038
Teschke, R., Qiu, S. X., & Lebot, V. (2011). Herbal hepatotoxicity by kava: update on pipermethystine, flavokavain B, and mould hepatotoxins as primarily assumed culprits. Digestive and Liver Disease, 43 (9), 676-681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2011.01.018
Teschke, R., Sarris, J., & Lebot, V. (2011). Kava hepatotoxicity solution: A six-point plan for new kava standardization. Phytomedicine, 18 (2-3), 96-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2010.10.002
Thomsen, M., & Schmidt, M. (2021). Health policy versus kava (Piper methysticum): Anxiolytic efficacy may be instrumental in restoring the reputation of a major South Pacific crop. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 268, 113582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.113582
Tugcu, G., Kırmızıbekmez, H., & Aydın, A. (2020). The integrated use of in silico methods for the hepatotoxicity potential of Piper methysticum. Food and chemical toxicology, 145, 111663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2020.111663
Uddin, M. J., & Zidorn, C. (2020). Traditional herbal medicines against CNS disorders from Bangladesh. Natural Products and Bioprospecting, 10, 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13659-020-00269-7
Uebelhack, R., Franke, L., & Schewe, H. J. (1998). Inhibition of platelet MAO-B by kava pyrone-enriched extract from Piper methysticum Forster (kava-
kava). Pharmacopsychiatry, 31 (05), 187-192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-979325
Volgin, A., Yang, L., Amstislavskaya, T., Demin, K., Wang, D., Yan, D., Wang, J., Wang, M., Alpyshov, E., & Hu, G. (2020). DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Kava. ACS chemical neuroscience, 11 (23), 3893-3904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00587
Volz, H. P., & Kieser, M. (1997). Kava-kava extract WS 1490 versus placebo in anxiety disorders-a randomized placebo-controlled 25-week outpatient trial. Pharmacopsychiatry, 30 (01), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-979474
Walden, J., Von Wegerer, J., Winter, U., Berger, M., & Grunze, H. (1997). Effects of kawain and dihydromethysticin on field potential changes in the hippocampus. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry, 21 (4), 697-706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-5846(97)00042-0
Wang, D., Yang, L., Wang, J., Hu, G., Liu, Z., Yan, D., Serikuly, N., Alpyshov, E. T., Demin, K. A., & Galstyan, D. S. (2020). Behavioral and physiological effects of acute and chronic kava exposure in adult zebrafish. Neurotoxicology and teratology, 79, 106881. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2020.106881
Wong, A., & Townley, S. A. (2011). Herbal medicines and anaesthesia. Continuing Education in Anaesthesia. Critical Care and Pain, 11 (1), 14-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkq046
World Health Organization, Bangladesh (2021). https://www.searo.who.int/bangladesh/mental-health/en
Wruck, C. J., Götz, M. E., Herdegen, T., Varoga, D., Brandenburg, L. O., & Pufe, T. (2008). Kavalactones protect neural cells against amyloid β peptide-induced neurotoxicity via extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2-dependent nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 activation. Molecular Pharmacology, 73 (6), 1785-1795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/mol.107.042499
Yang, J. X (2019). A new kavalactone dimer from Piper methysticum. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 55 (4), 606-609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10600-019-02759-8
Yang, X., & Salminen, W. F. (2011). Kava extract, an herbal alternative for anxiety relief, potentiates acetaminophen-induced cytotoxicity in rat hepatic cells. Phytomedicine, 18 (7), 592-600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2011.02.006
Yuan, C. S., Dey, L., Wang, A., Mehendale, S., Xie, J. T., Aung, H. H., & Ang-Lee, M. K. (2002). Kavalactones and Dihydrokavain Modulate GABAergic Activity in a Rat Gastric-Brainstem Preparation. Planta Medica, 68 (12), 1092-1096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-36338
Yuan, Y., Yang, J. X., Nie, L. H., Li, B. L., Qin, X. B., Wu, J. W., & Qiu, S. X. (2018). Three new kavalactone dimers from Piper methysticum (kava). Journal of Asian natural products research, 20 (9), 837-843. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020.2017.1367768
Zhou, P., Gross, S., Liu, J. H., Yu, B. Y., Feng, L. L., Nolta, J., Sharma, V., Worms, D. P., & Qiu, S. X. (2010). Flavokawain B, the hepatotoxic constituent from kava root, induces GSH‐sensitive oxidative stress through modulation of IKK/NF‐κB and MAPK signaling pathways. The FASEB Journal, 24 (12), 4722-4732. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.10.163311
Zi, X., & Simoneau, A. R. (2005). Flavokawain A, a novel chalcone from kava extract, induces apoptosis in bladder cancer cells by involvement of Bax protein-dependent and mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway and suppresses tumor growth in mice. Cancer research, 65 (8), 3479-3486. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-3803
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Patrícia e Silva Alves; Felipe Pereira da Silva Santos; Ana Paula Rodrigues; Leandro Sousa Dias; Giovanna Carvalho da Silva; Lidiane da Silva Araújo; Antonio do Nascimento Cavalcante; Mahendra Rai; Teresinha de Jesus Aguiar dos Santos Andrade; Chistiane Mendes Feitosa
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
