Impact of detention structure on the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in young inmates
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i1.24680Keywords:
SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Socio-educational units; Immunofluorescence assays.Abstract
Considering that COVID-19 is a respiratory disease transmitted by contact and places of incarceration are an environment that imposes additional risks for viral spread, this study sought to identify cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in socio-educational units. We evaluated the seroprevalence of IgM and IgG for SARS-CoV-2 in workers and adolescents confined in five socio-educational units. Adolescents and workers tested positive for IgM (n=8, each), IgG (n=26; n=6) and both (n=13; n=6), with a greater chance of detecting IgG (OR: 2.16, p = 0.03) and both (OR: 68.59, p <0.0001) in adolescents who lived in shared accommodation accommodation (unit 5) than those who lived in separate rooms (units 1-4). The study showed the prevalence of COVID-19 in a socio-educational community, where the type of housing occupied by the individuals (single rooms vs a dormitory) was the main determining factor or the spread of the disease. Even adolescents in confinement presented antibodies to SARS-CoV-2.
References
Azkur, A. K., Akdis, M., Azkur, D., Sokolowska, M., van de Veen, W., Brüggen, M.-C., O’Mahony, L., Gao, Y., Nadeau, K., & Akdis, C. A. (2020). Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and mechanisms of immunopathological changes in COVID-19. Allergy, 75(7), 1564–1581. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14364
Bohn, M. K., Lippi, G., Horvath, A., Sethi, S., Koch, D., Ferrari, M., Wang, C.-B., Mancini, N., Steele, S., & Adeli, K. (2020). Molecular, serological, and biochemical diagnosis and monitoring of COVID-19: IFCC taskforce evaluation of the latest evidence. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 58(7), 1037–1052. https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2020-0722
Bonifácio, L. P., Pereira, A. P. S., Araújo, D. C. de A. E., Balbão, V. da M. P., Fonseca, B. A. L. da, Passos, A. D. C., & Bellissimo-Rodrigues, F. (2020). Are SARS-CoV-2 reinfection and Covid-19 recurrence possible? A case report from Brazil. Revista Da Sociedade Brasileira De Medicina Tropical, 53, e20200619. https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0619-2020
Borges, L. P., Martins, A. F., de Melo, M. S., de Oliveira, M. G. B., Neto, J. M. de R., Dósea, M. B., Cabral, B. C. M., Menezes, R. F., Santos, A. A., Matos, I. L. S., Borges, P. C., Dos Santos, K. A., Ribeiro, A. A., Menendez, A. I. M., Serafini, M. R., Walker, C. B., Quintans Junior, L. J., Araújo, A. A. de S., & de Souza, D. R. V. (2020). Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies in an asymptomatic population in Sergipe, Brazil. Revista Panamericana De Salud Publica = Pan American Journal of Public Health, 44, e108. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2020.108
Borges, L. P., Martins, A. F., de Souza, D. R. V., de Rezende Neto, J. M., Santos, A. A., Oliveira, B. M., Matos, I. L. S., da Invenção, G. B., dos Santos, K. A., Souza, N. A. A., de Jesus, P. C., dos Santos, C. A., de Oliveira Goes, M. A., de Souza, M. S. F., de Carvalho Barreto, I. D., Guimarães, A. G., & Quintans-Júnior, L. J. (2021). Does In-Person Visiting Affect the Number of COVID-19 Cases in Prisons? Life, 11(11), 1184. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11111184
Borges, L. P., Nascimento, L. C., Heimfarth, L., Souza, D. R. V., Martins, A. F., de Rezende Neto, J. M., Dos Santos, K. A., Matos, I. L. S., da Invenção, G. B., Oliveira, B. M., Santos, A. A., Souza, N. A. A., de Jesus, P. C., Dos Santos, C. A., Goes, M. A. O., de Souza, M. S. F., & Guimarães, A. G. (2021). Estimated SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Seroprevalence in Firefighters from a Northeastern Brazilian State: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(15), 8148. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158148
Brasil. (2012). Conselho Nacional de Saúde. https://conselho.saude.gov.br/ultimas_noticias/2013/06_jun_14_publicada_resolucao.html
Brasil. (2021). L12594. http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2011-2014/2012/lei/l12594.htm
Broadhurst, M. J., Brooks, T. J. G., & Pollock, N. R. (2016). Diagnosis of Ebola Virus Disease: Past, Present, and Future. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 29(4), 773–793. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00003-16
Carvalho, S. G. de, Santos, A. B. S. dos, & Santos, I. M. (2020). The pandemic in prison: Interventions and overisolation. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 25, 3493–3502. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020259.15682020
CDC. (2020, fevereiro 11). Interim guidance on the management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in correctional and detention facilities. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/correction-detention/guidance-correctional-detention.html
di Mauro, G., Scavone, C., Rafaniello, C., Rossi, F., & Capuano, A. (2020). SARS-Cov-2 infection: Response of human immune system and possible implications for the rapid test and treatment. International Immunopharmacology, 84, 106519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106519
Diamanti, K., & Nikolaou, S. M. (2021). Researching the Social Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Students in Greece. European Journal of Development Studies, 1(3), 26–32. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejdevelop.2021.1.3.35
Favresse, J., Eucher, C., Elsen, M., Laffineur, K., Dogné, J.-M., & Douxfils, J. (2020). Response of anti-SARS-CoV-2 total antibodies to nucleocapsid antigen in COVID-19 patients: A longitudinal study. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 58(10), e193–e196. https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2020-0962
Guo, L., Ren, L., Yang, S., Xiao, M., Chang, D., Yang, F., Dela Cruz, C. S., Wang, Y., Wu, C., Xiao, Y., Zhang, L., Han, L., Dang, S., Xu, Y., Yang, Q.-W., Xu, S.-Y., Zhu, H.-D., Xu, Y.-C., Jin, Q., … Wang, J. (2020). Profiling Early Humoral Response to Diagnose Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 71(15), 778–785. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa310
Guo, W., Cronk, R., Scherer, E., Oommen, R., Brogan, J., Sarr, M., & Bartram, J. (2019). A systematic scoping review of environmental health conditions in penal institutions. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 222(5), 790–803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.05.001
Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J., Gu, X., Cheng, Z., Yu, T., Xia, J., Wei, Y., Wu, W., Xie, X., Yin, W., Li, H., Liu, M., … Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet (London, England), 395(10223), 497–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
Jin, Y., Wang, M., Zuo, Z., Fan, C., Ye, F., Cai, Z., Wang, Y., Cui, H., Pan, K., & Xu, A. (2020). Diagnostic value and dynamic variance of serum antibody in coronavirus disease 2019. International Journal of Infectious Diseases: IJID: Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases, 94, 49–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.065
Kluge, H., Martín-Moreno, J. M., Emiroglu, N., Rodier, G., Kelley, E., Vujnovic, M., & Permanand, G. (2018). Strengthening global health security by embedding the International Health Regulations requirements into national health systems. BMJ Global Health, 3(Suppl 1), e000656. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000656
Kraay, A. N. M., Nelson, K. N., Zhao, C. Y., Demory, D., Weitz, J. S., & Lopman, B. A. (2020). Modeling serological testing to inform relaxation of social distancing for COVID-19 control. medRxiv, 2020.04.24.20078576. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.24.20078576
Lippi, G., Salvagno, G. L., Pegoraro, M., Militello, V., Caloi, C., Peretti, A., Gaino, S., Bassi, A., Bovo, C., & Lo Cascio, G. (2020). Assessment of immune response to SARS-CoV-2 with fully automated MAGLUMI 2019-nCoV IgG and IgM chemiluminescence immunoassays. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 58(7), 1156–1159. https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2020-0473
Long, Q.-X., Liu, B.-Z., Deng, H.-J., Wu, G.-C., Deng, K., Chen, Y.-K., Liao, P., Qiu, J.-F., Lin, Y., Cai, X.-F., Wang, D.-Q., Hu, Y., Ren, J.-H., Tang, N., Xu, Y.-Y., Yu, L.-H., Mo, Z., Gong, F., Zhang, X.-L., … Huang, A.-L. (2020). Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19. Nature Medicine, 26(6), 845–848. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0897-1
Long, Q.-X., Tang, X.-J., Shi, Q.-L., Li, Q., Deng, H.-J., Yuan, J., Hu, J.-L., Xu, W., Zhang, Y., Lv, F.-J., Su, K., Zhang, F., Gong, J., Wu, B., Liu, X.-M., Li, J.-J., Qiu, J.-F., Chen, J., & Huang, A.-L. (2020). Clinical and immunological assessment of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections. Nature Medicine, 26(8), 1200–1204. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0965-6
Mabud, T. S., Alves, M. de L. D., Ko, A. I., Basu, S., Walter, K. S., Cohen, T., Mathema, B., Colijn, C., Lemos, E., Croda, J., & Andrews, J. R. (2019). Evaluating strategies for control of tuberculosis in prisons and prevention of spillover into communities: An observational and modeling study from Brazil. PLOS Medicine, 16(1), e1002737. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002737
Madahar, P., Wunsch, H., Jha, P., Slutsky, A. S., & Brodie, D. (2021). Trends in COVID-19-related in-hospital mortality: Lessons learned from nationwide samples. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 9(4), 322–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00080-1
Mairesse, A., Favresse, J., Eucher, C., Elsen, M., Tré-Hardy, M., Haventith, C., Gruson, D., Dogné, J.-M., Douxfils, J., & Göbbels, P. (2020). High clinical performance and quantitative assessment of antibody kinetics using a dual recognition assay for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies. Clinical Biochemistry, 86, 23–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2020.08.009
Maruschak, L. M., Sabol, W. J., Potter, R. H., Reid, L. C., & Cramer, E. W. (2009). Pandemic influenza and jail facilities and populations. American Journal of Public Health, 99 Suppl 2, S339-344. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.175174
Melo, M. S. de, Borges, L. P., Souza, D. R. V. de, Martins, A. F., Neto, J. M. de R., Ribeiro, A. A., Santos, A. A., Invenção, G. B. da, Matos, I. L. S., Santos, K. A. dos, Souza, N. A. A., Borges, P. C., & Oliveira, M. G. B. de. (2020). Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies in health workers in Sergipe, Brazil (p. 2020.09.24.20200873). https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.24.20200873
Racine, R., & Winslow, G. M. (2009). IgM in microbial infections: Taken for granted? Immunology Letters, 125(2), 79–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2009.06.003
Rodda, L. B., Netland, J., Shehata, L., Pruner, K. B., Morawski, P. A., Thouvenel, C. D., Takehara, K. K., Eggenberger, J., Hemann, E. A., Waterman, H. R., Fahning, M. L., Chen, Y., Hale, M., Rathe, J., Stokes, C., Wrenn, S., Fiala, B., Carter, L., Hamerman, J. A., … Pepper, M. (2021). Functional SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Memory Persists after Mild COVID-19. Cell, 184(1), 169-183.e17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.029
von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., Vandenbroucke, J. P., & STROBE Initiative. (2008). The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 61(4), 344–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008
WHO. (2020). Pneumonia of unknown cause – China. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2020-DON229
Yang, H., & Thompson, J. R. (2020). Fighting covid-19 outbreaks in prisons. BMJ, 369, m1362. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1362
Zhang, J., Zhang, X., Liu, J., Ban, Y., Li, N., Wu, Y., Liu, Y., Ye, R., Liu, J., Li, X., Li, L., Qin, X., & Zheng, R. (2020). Serological detection of 2019-nCoV respond to the epidemic: A useful complement to nucleic acid testing. International Immunopharmacology, 88, 106861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106861
Zhu, H., Wang, L., Fang, C., Peng, S., Zhang, L., Chang, G., Xia, S., & Zhou, W. (2020). Clinical analysis of 10 neonates born to mothers with 2019-nCoV pneumonia. Translational Pediatrics, 9(1), 51–60. https://doi.org/10.21037/tp.2020.02.06
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Lysandro Pinto Borges; Adriana Gibara Guimarães; Daniela Raguer Valadão de Souza; Aline Fagundes Martins; José Melquiades de Rezende Neto; Aryanne Araujo Santos; Grazielly Bispo da Invenção; Igor Leonardo Santos Matos; Kezia Alves dos Santos; Nicolas Alessandro Alves Souza; Cristiani Isabel Banderó Walker; Pamela Chaves Jesus; Lylyan Gleyze Brito Oliveira; Makson Gleydson Brito de Oliveira
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
