Pharmacoepidemiology, impacts of anxiety disorders and anxiolytic abuse before and during the COVID-19 pandemic
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i5.28340Keywords:
COVID-19; Psychotropics; Anxiety disorder.Abstract
Anxiety Disorders (AD) have gained prominence in recent years due to the increasing number of patients with this diagnosis worldwide. EDs have a higher incidence in older patients, being more prevalent in women. Studies correlate this increase with exacerbated external and internal pressures, rhythm, and lifestyle. The COVID-19 pandemic has contributed significantly to this increase. In this sense, to alleviate anxious episodes, improve sleep quality, or increase productive performance, the demand for anxiolytics has increased considerably worldwide, including Brazil. Anxiolytics act on the Central Nervous System (CNS), however, the abusive use of these psychoactive substances can cause neurological damage. Knowing this, the present work aims to analyze scientific publications to identify the main impacts of anxiety and the evolution of anxiolytic abuse before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as pharmacoepidemiologic aspects of medicines against ED through a review narrative, descriptive and retrospective literature. For this, a non-exhaustive bibliographic review was carried out based on the review of scientific articles and data published between the period 2011 and 2021. Statistical analyzes were carried out according to the nature of the variables, using the appropriate tests to differentiate the groups independent in studies. Our results express an increasing number of ED diagnoses during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the irrational and abusive use of anxiolytics in Brazil.
References
Ana Figueroa, C. S. Y. O. K. S. (2015). Ansiedade da separação. In IACAPAP Textbook of Child and Adolescent Mental Health (p. 25). https://docplayer.com.br/18970815-Ansiedade-de-separacao.html
Andreatini, R., Boerngen-Lacerda, R., & Filho, D. Z. (2001). Pharmacological treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: Future perspectives. In Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria. 23(4), 233–242. Associacao Brasileira de Psiquiatria. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462001000400011
Barros, M. B. de A., Lima, M. G., Malta, D. C., Szwarcwald, C. L., Azevedo, R. C. S. de, Romero, D., Souza Júnior, P. R. B. de, Azevedo, L. O., Machado, Í. E., Damacena, G. N., Gomes, C. S., Werneck, A. de O., Silva, D. R. P. da, Pina, M. de F. de, & Gracie, R. (2020). Relato de tristeza/depressão, nervosismo/ansiedade e problemas de sono na população adulta brasileira durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Epidemiologia e Servicos de Saude : Revista Do Sistema Unico de Saude Do Brasil, 29(4), e2020427. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1679-49742020000400018
Brasil em tempos de Coronavírus | Ipsos. (n.d.). https://www.ipsos.com/pt-br/brasil-em-tempos-de-coronavirus
Brasil, M. da S. (2021). Sistema de Notificação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). In Sinan. https://portalsinan.saude.gov.br/
Consequências da pandemia agravam quadro da insônia no Brasil - Coronavírus. (2020). Câmara Municipal de São Paulo. https://www.saopaulo.sp.leg.br/coronavirus/blog/consequencias-da-pandemia-agravam-quadro-da-insonia-no-brasil/
de Castro, M. da G., Andrade, T. M. R., & Muller, M. C. (2006). Mind and body concept through history. In Psicologia em Estudo (Vol. 11, Issue 1, pp. 39–43). Universidade Estadual de Maringa. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1413-73722006000100005
de Miranda Ramos, M., & Cerqueira-Santos, E. (2021). Social anxiety: Adaptation and evidence of validity of the short form of the social interaction anxiety scale and social phobia scale for Brazil. Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria, 70(2), 149–156. https://doi.org/10.1590/0047-2085000000304
Faro, A., Bahiano, M. de A., Nakano, T. de C., Reis, C., da Silva, B. F. P., & Vitti, L. S. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: The emergence of care. Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas), 37, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0275202037E200074
Fávero, V. R., Sato, M. del O., & Santiago, R. M. (2018). USO DE ANSIOLITICOS: ABUSO OU NECESSIDADE? Visão Acadêmica, 18(4). https://doi.org/10.5380/ACD.V18I4.57820
Freitas, M. C. de, Lemos, T. C., Lima, V. L. C. de, Oliveira, P. E. de, Morais, K. de C., Bezerra, A. D. C., Marques, E. O., Rodrigues, S. de A., Rocha, A. S., & Nascimento, C. E. M. do. (2021). Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: An integrative review. Research, Society and Development, 10(3), e57010313664–e57010313664. https://doi.org/10.33448/RSD-V10I3.13664
Gomes, Y. L. de S., Pinto, C. L. da S., & Junior, R. N. C. M. (2021). Evaluation of pharmacotherapeutic treatment in young people with anxiety disorder during the pandemic. Research, Society and Development, 10(15), e404101522958–e404101522958. https://doi.org/10.33448/RSD-V10I15.22958
Grolli, V., Wagner, M. F., & Dalbosco, S. N. P. (2017). Sintomas Depressivos e de Ansiedade em Adolescentes do Ensino Médio. Revista de Psicologia Da IMED, 9(1), 87. https://doi.org/10.18256/2175-5027.2017.V9I1.2123
Guedes, A. (2020). Ansiedade, Stress e Burnout: definição conceptual e operacional, inter-relações e impacto na saúde.
Harrison, T. S., & Keating, G. M. (2005). Zolpidem: A review of its use in the management of insomnia. In CNS Drugs (Vol. 19, Issue 1, pp. 65–89). Springer. https://doi.org/10.2165/00023210-200519010-00008
Ivo D’ávila, L., Rocha, F. C., Roberta, B., Rios, M., Gonçalves, S., Pereira, S., & Piris, Á. P. (2020). Processo Patológico do Transtorno de Ansiedade Segundo a Literatura Digital Disponível em Português – Revisão Integrativa. Revista Psicologia e Saúde. https://doi.org/10.20435/PSSA.V0I0.922
Maia, B. R., & Dias, P. C. (2020). Anxiety, depression and stress in university students: The impact of COVID-19. Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas), 37. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0275202037E200067
Marcela Nasario, M. M. da S. (2015). O consumo excessivo de medicamentos psicotrópicos na atualidade. Dk, 53(9), 1689–1699.
Marega, G., Shima, V. T. B., & Teston, A. P. M. (2020). O Uso De Psicofármacos No Sistema Prisional: Um Trabalho De Revisão / the Use of Psychophamaces in the Prison System: a Review Work. Brazilian Journal of Development, 6(10), 79888–79905. https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv6n10-422
Margarido, F. B. (2012). a Banalização Do Uso De Ansiolíticos E Antidepressivos 1 Resumo. Revista de Psicologia, 15(22), 131–146. https://seer.pgsskroton.com/renc/article/view/2485
Mariano, T., Oliveira, ;, & Chasin, A. A. M. (2007). Drogas Psicotrópicas E Seus Efeitos Sobre O Sistema Nervoso Central. Ciencias Da Saude, 8(1), 115–129.
Martins, E. R. C., Medeiros, A. da S., Oliveira, K. L. de, Fassarella, L. G., Moraes, P. C. de, & Spíndola, T. (2020). Vulnerabilidade de homens jovens e suas necessidades de saúde. Escola Anna Nery, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1590/2177-9465-EAN-2019-0203
Matos, T. P. de, Hemanny, C., & Oliveira, I. R. de. (2020). Presença de sintomas de fobia social, transtorno do pânico e ansiedade de separação em estudantes de 11 a 17anos, em uma escola da rede pública de ensino de Salvador. Revista de Ciências Médicas e Biológicas, 19(4), 560–564. https://doi.org/10.9771/CMBIO.V19I4.42707
Meira, C., Carolina, C., & Gonçalves, Z. (2020). Relação entre a depressão e a obesidade em mulheres [Centro Universitário de Maringá]. https://rdu.unicesumar.edu.br/bitstream/123456789/7404/1/CELESTE%2C MEIRA CAMILA.pdf
Niedhammer, I., Malard, L., & Chastang, J.-F. (2010). Occupational factors and subsequent major depressive and generalized anxiety disorders in the prospective French national SIP study. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1559-y
Pessolato, J. P., Rodrigues, S. de P., Souza, D. A., & Boiati, R. F. (2021). Avaliação do consumo de Valeriana e Passiflora durante pandemia COVID-19/ Assessment of Valerian and Passiflora consumption during a pandemic COVID-19. Brazilian Journal of Health Review, 4(2), 5589–5609. https://doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv4n2-126
Petkevicius, G. A. de M., Roscoche, K. G. C., Soares, A. B. S., Sousa, A. A. S. de, Aguiar, A. S. C. de, & Felício, J. F. (2020). Clinical - epidemiological profile of people with bipolar disorder in psychiatric hospitalization. Research, Society and Development, 9(9), e394997282–e394997282. https://doi.org/10.33448/RSD-V9I9.7282
Pinto, J., Martins, P., Pinheiro, T., & Oliveira, A. (2015). Anxiety, depression and stress: a study of portuguese adults. Psicologia, Saúde & Doenças, 16(2), 148–163. https://doi.org/10.15309/15psd160202
Rabelo Melo, J. R., Duarte, E. C., de Moraes, M. V., Fleck, K., & Dourado Arrais, P. S. (2021). Self-medication and indiscriminate use of medicines during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cadernos de Saude Publica, 37(4). https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00053221
Ramos, T. B., Bokehi, L. C., de Oliveira, E. B., Amorim, M. da S., Bokehi, J. R., & de Castilho, S. R. (2020). Information about benzodiazepines: What does the internet offer us? Ciencia e Saude Coletiva, 25(11), 4351–4360. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320202511.09632019
Rebêlo, V. C. N., Lemos, M. P. R., Silva, E. K. R. da, Mesquita, L. S. de A., Cabral, P. U. L., Carvalho, A. F. M. de, Oliveira, R. A. de, Feitosa, M. C. P., Coelho, N. P. M. de F., & Arisawa, E. A. L. S. (2022). Post Covid-19 Syndrome: case study. Research, Society and Development, 11(2), e43811225969–e43811225969. https://doi.org/10.33448/RSD-V11I2.25969
Ribeiro, C. C. M., Shimo, A. K. K., Lopes, M. H. B. de M., & Lamas, J. L. T. (2018). Efeitos dos diferentes anticoncepcionais hormonais nos valores de pressão arterial da mulher. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 71, 1453–1459. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0317
Ribeiro, K. C. S., Coutinho, M. da P. de L., & Nascimento, E. da S. (2010). Representação social da depressão em uma Instituição de Ensino da Rede Pública. Psicologia: Ciência e Profissão, 30(3), 448–463. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1414-98932010000300002
Rodrigues, M. D. da S., Rocha, P. B. de C., Araripe, P. F., Rocha, H. A. L., Sanders, L. L. O., & Kubrusly, M. (2019). Transtorno de Ansiedade Social no Contexto da Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas. Revista Brasileira de Educação Médica, 43(1), 65–71. https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-52712015V43N1RB20180110
Slee, A., Nazareth, I., Bondaronek, P., Liu, Y., Cheng, Z., & Freemantle, N. (2019). Pharmacological treatments for generalised anxiety disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. The Lancet, 393(10173), 768–777. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31793-8
Soares, G. V. D., Soares, C. V. D., Medeiros, T. K. F. de, & Santos, E. B. dos. (2020). Physiological disorders related to the thyroid gland: a literary review. Research, Society and Development, 9(7), e376974258–e376974258. https://doi.org/10.33448/RSD-V9I7.4258
Souza, J. C. de. (2018). Avaliações tireoidianas e lipídicas em mulheres no climatério (Issue 1). Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto.
WHO. (2017). Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders Global Health Estimates. In World Health Organization. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/254610/1/WHO-MSD-MER-2017.2-eng.pdf?ua=1
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Aline Costa Lima ; Yuri Nascimento Fróes; Ennio Patrezzi da Silva Costa; Klinger Garcez Duarte ; Verissimo Barros dos Santos Junior; Luís Guilherme Pinheiro Cabral; Luiz Americo Coelho Freire; Leidiane Ferreira Nunes ; Mizael Calácio Araújo; Saulo José Figueiredo Mendes
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.