Cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s Dementia: is there a relationship with functional performance?

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i8.30788

Keywords:

Mobility; Older adult; Cognitive impairment; Alzheimer’s disease.

Abstract

Background: The decline in motor and cognitive function can occur in parallel, with different speed and impact on the functional dependence of the older adult. Objectives: Evaluate and compare motor performance and motor-cognitive performance in older Brazilians with and without cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease (AD) through clinical tests and the addition of the dual task cost (CDT). Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted with a sample of 101 older adults, dividing into non-cognitive impaired (NC), cognitive impaired (CI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) groups. We evaluated the Gait Speed (GS) and Timed Up and Go (TUG) during single-task and cognitive dual-tasks, and the five-times sit and stand test (5TSST). The dual-task cost (DTC) was calculated for GS and TUG. Results: ANCOVA showed difference in the GS during single and dual-tasks between NC and CI (p=0.000; p=0.003; respectively) and NC and AD (p=0.002; p=0.000, respectively), and single and dual-task TUG between NC (p=0.028; p=0.002, respectively) and AD (p=0.044; p=0.002). In the TSL-5x test we did not observe any difference (p=0.107). The cost of dual task in VM and TUG were higher in group GDA and GDC (p<0,001), being greater than 20%. Conclusion: GS with dual-task can be a simple and effective tool to differentiate the older adult with different levels of cognitive impairment. CDT can provide aggregated values to early identify community-dwelling older adults in the preclinical stage of dementia.

References

Annweiler, C., Schott, A. M., Abellan Van Kan, G., Rolland, Y., Blain, H., Fantino, B., Herrmann, F. R., & Beauchet, O. (2011). The Five-Times-Sit-to-stand test, a marker of global cognitive functioning among community-dwelling older women. Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging, 15 (4), 271-276.

Ansai, J. H., Andrade, L. P., Nakagawa, T., Vale, F. A., Caetano, M. J. D., Lord, S. R., & Rebelatto, J. R. (2017a). Cognitive correlates of timed up and go subtasks in older people with pre- served cognition, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer’s disease. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 96 (10), 700-705.

Apolinario, D., Lichtenthaler, D. G., Magaldi, R. M., Soares, A. T., Busse, A. L., Das Gracas Amaral, J. R., Jacob-Filho, W., & Brucki, S. M. D. (2016). Using temporal orientation, category fluency, and word recall for detecting cognitive impairment: The 10-point cognitive screener (10-CS). International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 31 (1), 4-12.

Asai, T., Oshima, K., Fukumoto, Y., Yonezawa, Y., Matsuo, A., & Misu, S. (2020). Does dual-tasking provide additional value in timed “up and go” test for predicting the occurrence of falls? A longitudinal observation study by age group (young-older or old-older adults). Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 1-8.

Bahureksa, L., Najafi, B., Saleh, A., Sabbagh, M., Coon, D., Mohler, M. J., & Schwenk, M. (2016). The Impact of Mild Cognitive Impairment on Gait and Balance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies Using Instrumented Assessment. Gerontology, 63 (1), 67-83.

Beauchet, O., Sekhon, H., Schott, A. M., Rolland, Y., Muir-Hunter, S., Markle-Reid, M., Gagne, H., & Allali, G. (2019). Motoric Cognitive Risk Syndrome and Risk for Falls, Their Recurrence, and Postfall Fractures: Results From a Prospective Observational Population-Based Cohort Study. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 20 (10), 1268-1273.

Benavent-Caballer, V., Sendín-Magdalena, A., Lisón, J. F., Rosado-Calatayud, P., Amer-Cuenca, J. J., Salvador-Coloma, P., & Segura-Ortí, E. (2016). Physical factors underlying the Timed “Up and Go” test in older adults. Geriatric Nursing, 37 (2), 122-127.

Bischoff, H. A., Stähelin, H. B., Monsch, A. U., Iversen, M. D., Weyh, A., von Dechend, M., Akos, R., Conzelmann, M., Dick, W., & Theiler, R. (2003). Identifying a cut-off point for normal mobility: A comparison of the timed “up and go” test in community-dwelling and institutionalised elderly women. Age and Ageing, 32 (3), 315-320.

Bohannon, R. W., Shove, M. E., Barreca, S. R., Masters, L. M., & Sigouin, C. S. (2007). Five-repetition sit-to-stand test performance by community-dwelling adults: A preliminary investigation of times, determinants, and relationship with self-reported physical performance. Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 15 (2), 77-81.

Buatois, S., Perret-Guillaume, C., Gueguen, R., Miget, P., Vançon, G., Perrin, P., & Benetos, A. (2010). A simple clinical scale to stratify risk of recurrent falls in communitydwelling adults aged 65 years and older. Physical Therapy, 90 (4), 550-560.

Buracchio, T., Dodge, H. H., Howieson, D., Wasserman, D., & Kaye, J. (2010). The trajectory of gait speed preceding mild cognitive impairment. Archives of Neurology, 67 (8), 980-986.

Chhetri, J. K., Chan, P., Vellas, B., & Cesari, M. (2017). Motoric cognitive risk syndrome: Predictor of dementia and age-related negative outcomes. Frontiers in Medicine, 4 (OCT), 166.

Christofoletti, G., de Andrade, L. P., Beinotti, F., & Borges, G. (2014). Cognition and dual-task performance in older adults with Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. International Journal of General Medicine, 7, 383-388.

Silva, F.O., Ferreira, J. V., Plácido, J., Chagas, D., Praxedes, J., Guimarães, C., Batista, L. A., Marinho, V., Laks, J., & Deslandes, A. C. (2019). Stages of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease can be differentiated by declines in timed up and go test: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 85, 103941.

Devenney, K. E., Lawlor, B., Olde Rikkert, M. G. M., & Schneider, S. (2017). The effects of an extensive exercise programme on the progression of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMC Geriatrics, 17 (1).

Doi, T., Shimada, H., Makizako, H., Tsutsumimoto, K., Verghese, J., & Suzuki, T. (2017). Motoric Cognitive Risk Syndrome: Association with Incident Dementia and Disability. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 59 (1), 77-84.

Donoghue, O., Feeney, J., O’Leary, N., Kenny, R.A. (2018). Baseline mobility is not associated with decline in cognitive function in healthy community-dwelling older adults: findings from The Irih Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 26(4), 438-448.

Einstad, M. S., Saltvedt, I., Lydersen, S., Ursin, M. H., Munthe-Kaas, R., Ihle-Hansen, H., Knapskog, A. B., Askim, T., Beyer, M. K., Næss, H., Seljeseth, Y. M., Ellekjær, H., & Thingstad, P. (2021). Associations between post-stroke motor and cognitive function: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatrics, 21 (1), 1-10.

Fortes-Filho, S. de Q., Aliberti, M. J. R., Melo, J. de A., Apolinario, D., Sitta, M. do C., Suzuki, I., & Garcez-Leme, L. E. (2021). A 2-min cognitive screener for predicting 1-year functional recovery and survival in older adults after hip fracture repair. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, glab156.

Hunter, S. W., Divine, A., Frengopoulos, C., & Odasso, M. M. (2018). A framework for secondary cognitive and motor tasks in dual-task gait testing in people with mild cognitive impairment. BMC Geriatrics, 18 (1), 1-7.

Hupfeld, K. E., Vaillancourt, D. E., & Seidler, R. D. (2018). Genetic markers of dopaminergic transmission predict performance for older males but not females. Neurobiology of Aging, 66, 180.e11-180.e21.

Katsumata Y, Todoriki H, Yasura S, et al (2011). Timed up and go test predicts cognitive decline in healthy adults aged 80 and older in Okinawa: Keys to Optimal Cognitive Aging (KOCOA) project. J Am Geriatr Soc, 59, 2188–2189.

Kueper, J. K., Speechley, M., Lingum, N. R., & Montero-Odasso, M. (2017). Motor function and incident dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Age and Ageing, 46 (5), 729-738.

Maggio, M., & Lauretani, F. (2019). Prevalence, incidence, and clinical impact of cognitive–motoric risk syndrome in Europe, USA, and Japan: facts and numbers update 2019. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 10 (5), 953-955.

Maguire, F. J., Killane, I., Creagh, A. P., Donoghue, O., Kenny, R. A., & Reilly, R. B. (2018). Baseline Association of Motoric Cognitive Risk Syndrome With Sustained Attention, Memory, and Global Cognition. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 19 (1), 53-58.

Merchant, R. A., Goh, J., Chan, Y. H., Lim, J. Y., & Vellas, B. (2020). Slow Gait, Subjective Cognitive Decline and Motoric Cognitive Risk Syndrome: Prevalence and Associated Factors in Community Dwelling Older Adults. Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging, 25 (1), 48-56.

Mielke, M. M., Roberts, R. O., Savica, R., Cha, R., Drubach, D. I., Christianson, T., . . . Peterson, R. C. (2013). Assessing the tem- poral relationship between cognition and gait: Slow gait pre icts cognitive decline in the Mayo Clinic study of aging. Journals of Gerontology A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 68, 929–937.

Montero-Odasso, M., Almeida, Q. J., Bherer, L., Burhan, A. M., Camicioli, R., Doyon, J., Fraser, S., Muir-Hunter, S., Li, K. Z. H., Liu-Ambrose, T., McIlroy, W., Middleton, L., Morais, J. A., Sakurai, R., Speechley, M., Vasudev, A., Beauchet, O., Hausdorff, J. M., Rosano, C., … Verghese, J. (2019). Consensus on shared measures of mobility and cognition: From the Canadian Consortium on Neurodegeneration in Aging (CCNA). Journals of Gerontology - Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 74 (6), 897-909.

Montero-Odasso, M. M., Barnes, B., Speechley, M., Muir Hunter, S. W., Doherty, T. J., Duque, G., Gopaul, K., Sposato, L. A., Casas-Herrero, A., Borrie, M. J., Camicioli, R., & Wells, J. L. (2016). Disentangling Cognitive-Frailty: Results from the Gait and Brain Study. Journals of Gerontology - Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 71 (11), 1476-1482.

Montero-Odasso, M. M., Sarquis-Adamson, Y., Speechley, M., Borrie, M. J., Hachinski, V. C., Wells, J., Riccio, P. M., Schapira, M., Sejdic, E., Camicioli, R. M., Bartha, R., McIlroy, W. E., & Muir-Hunter, S. (2017). Association of dual-task gait with incident dementia in mild cognitive impairment: Results from the gait and brain study. JAMA Neurology, 74 (7), 857-865.

Montero-Odasso, M., Oteng-Amoako, A., Speechley, M., Gopaul, K., Beauchet, O., Annweiler, C., & Muir-Hunter, S. W. (2014). The motor signature of mild cognitive impairment: Results from the gait and brain study. Journals of Gerontology - Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 69 (11), 1415-1421.

Montero-Odasso, M., Schapira, M., Soriano, E. R., Varela, M., Kaplan, R., Camera, L. A., & Mayorga, L. M. (2005). Gait velocity as a single predictor of adverse events in healthy seniors aged 75 years and older. Journals of Gerontology - Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 60 (10), 1304-1309.

Montero-Odasso, M., Speechley, M., Muir-Hunter, S. W., Sarquis-Adamson, Y., Sposato, L. A., Hachinski, V., Borrie, M., Wells, J., Black, A., Sejdić, E., Bherer, L., & Chertkow, H. (2018). Motor and Cognitive Trajectories Before Dementia: Results from Gait and Brain Study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 66 (9), 1676-1683.

Montero-Odasso, M., Verghese, J., Beauchet, O., & Hausdorff, J. M. (2012). Gait and Cognition: A Complementary Approach to Understanding Brain Function and the Risk of Falling. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 60 (11), 2127-2136.

Nichols, E., Szoeke, C. E. I., Vollset, S. E., Abbasi, N., Abd-Allah, F., Abdela, J., Aichour, M. T. E., Akinyemi, R. O., Alahdab, F., Asgedom, S. W., Awasthi, A., Barker-Collo, S. L., Baune, B. T., Béjot, Y., Belachew, A. B., Bennett, D. A., Biadgo, B., Bijani, A., Bin Sayeed, M. S., … Murray, C. J. L. (2019). Global, regional, and national burden of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology, 18 (1), 88-106.

Peel, N. M., Kuys, S. S., & Klein, K. (2013). Gait speed as a measure in geriatric assessment in clinical settings: A systematic review. In Journals of Gerontology - Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 68 (1), 39-46.

Rashid, M. H., Zahid, M. F., Zain, S., Kabir, A., & Hassan, S. U. (2020). The Neuroprotective Effects of Exercise on Cognitive Decline: A Preventive Approach to Alzheimer Disease. Cureus, 12 (2).

Rosso, A. L., Metti, A. L., Faulkner, K., Redfern, M., Yaffe, K., Launer, L., Elizabeth Shaaban, C., Nadkarni, N. K., & Rosano, C. (2019). Complex Walking Tasks and Risk for Cognitive Decline in High Functioning Older Adults. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 71 (s1), S65-S73.

Rosso, A. L., Studenski, S. A., Chen, W. G., Aizenstein, H. J., Alexander, N. B., Bennett, D. A., Black, S. E., Camicioli, R., Carlson, M. C., Ferrucci, L., Guralnik, J. M., Hausdorff, J. M., Kaye, J., Launer, L. J., Lipsitz, L. A., Verghese, J., & Rosano, C. (2013). Aging, the central nervous system, and mobility. Journals of Gerontology - Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 68 (11), 1379-1386.

Rosso, A. L., Studenski, S. A., Longstreth, W. T., Brach, J. S., Boudreau, R. M., & Rosano, C. (2017). Contributors to Poor Mobility in Older Adults: Integrating White Matter Hyperintensities and Conditions Affecting Other Systems. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 72 (9), 1246-1251.

Sakurai, R., Bartha, R., & Montero-Odasso, M. (2019). Entorhinal cortex volume is associated with dual-task gait cost among older adults with MCI: Results from the gait and brain study. Journals of Gerontology - Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 74 (5), 698-704.

Sekhon, H., Launay, C. P., Chabot, J., Allali, G., & Beauchet, O. (2019). Motoric cognitive risk syndrome: Could it be defined through increased five-times-sit-to-stand test time, rather than slow walking speed? Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 10, 434.

Shim, H., Kim, M., & Won, C. W. (2020). Motoric cognitive risk syndrome is associated with processing speed and executive function, but not delayed free recall memory: The Korean frailty and aging cohort study (KFACS). Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 87, 103990.

Silva, F.O., Ferreira, J. V., Plácido, J., Chagas, D., Praxedes, J., Guimarães, C., Batista, L. A., Marinho, V., Laks, J., & Deslandes, A. C. (2019). Stages of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease can be differentiated by declines in timed up and go test: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 85, 103941.

Sorond, F. A., Cruz-Almeida, Y., Clark, D. J., Viswanathan, A., Scherzer, C. R., De Jager, P., Csiszar, A., Laurienti, P. J., Hausdorff, J. M., Chen, W. G., Ferrucci, L., Rosano, C., Studenski, S. A., Black, S. E., & Lipsitz, L. A. (2015). Aging, the central nervous system, and mobility in older adults: Neural mechanisms of mobility impairment. Journals of Gerontology - Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 70 (12), 1526-1532.

Studenski, S., Perera, S., Patel, K., Rosano, C., Faulkner, K., Inzitari, M., Brach, J., Chandler, J., Cawthon, P., Connor, E. B., Nevitt, M., Visser, M., Kritchevsky, S., Badinelli, S., Harris, T., Newman, A. B., Cauley, J., Ferrucci, L., & Guralnik, J. (2011). Gait speed and survival in older adults. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association, 305 (1), 50-58.

Suzuki, T., Shimada, H., Makizako, H., Doi, T., Yoshida, D., Tsutsumimoto, K., Anan, Y., Uemura, K., Lee, S., & Park, H. (2012). Effects of multicomponent exercise on cognitive function in older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Neurology, 12, 128.

Svinøy, O. E., Hilde, G., Bergland, A., & Strand, B. H. (2021). Timed up and go: Reference values for community-dwelling older adults with and without arthritis and non-communicable diseases: The Tromsø study. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 16, 335-343.

Tangen, G. G., Engedal, K., Bergland, A., Moger, T. A., & Mengshoel, A. M. (2014). Relationships between balance and cognition in patients with subjective cognitive impairment, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer disease. Physical Therapy, 94 (8), 1123-1134.

Tian, Q., Chastan, N., Bair, W. N., Resnick, S. M., Ferrucci, L., & Studenski, S. A. (2017). The brain map of gait variability in aging, cognitive impairment and dementia - A systematic review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 40 (Pt A), 149-162.

Tiedemann, A., Shimada, H., Sherrington, C., Murray, S., & Lord, S. (2008). The comparative ability of eight functional mobility tests for predicting falls in community-dwelling older people. Age and Ageing, 37 (4), 430-435.

Verghese, J., Annweiler, C., Ayers, E., Barzilai, N., Beauchet, O., Bennett, D. A., Bridenbaugh, S. A., Buchman, A. S., Callisaya, M. L., Camicioli, R., Capistrant, B., Chatterji, S., De Cock, A. M., Ferrucci, L., Giladi, N., Guralnik, J. M., Hausdorff, J. M., Holtzer, R., Kim, K. W., … Wang, C. (2014). Motoric cognitive risk syndrome Multicountry prevalence and dementia risk. Neurology, 83 (8), 718-726.

Whitney, S. L., Marchetti, G. F., Morris, L. O., & Sparto, P. J. (2007). The Reliability and Validity of the Four Square Step Test for People With Balance Deficits Secondary to a Vestibular Disorder. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 88 (1), 99-104.

Zhang, L., Feng, B. L., Wang, C. Y., Zhang, Y., Lin, P., Zhang, Y. L., He, N. N., Wang, D. J., Jiang, L. F., & Ye, H. H. (2020). Prevalence and factors associated with motoric cognitive risk syndrome in community-dwelling older Chinese: a cross-sectional study. European Journal of Neurology, 27 (7), 1137-1145.

Downloads

Published

15/06/2022

How to Cite

SANTOS, E. M. .; MELO, I. L. .; ABREU, D. C. C. de .; PORTO, J. M. .; COSTA, I. M. P. de F. .; SILVA, Érika R. .; TOFANI, P. S. Cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s Dementia: is there a relationship with functional performance?. Research, Society and Development, [S. l.], v. 11, n. 8, p. e19811830788, 2022. DOI: 10.33448/rsd-v11i8.30788. Disponível em: https://rsdjournal.org/index.php/rsd/article/view/30788. Acesso em: 27 apr. 2024.

Issue

Vol. 11 No. 8

Section

Health Sciences

License

Copyright (c) 2022 Emanuelly Moura Santos; Isadora Lima Melo; Daniela Cristina Carvalho de Abreu; Jaqueline Mello Porto; Iandra Maria Pinheiro de França Costa; Érika Ramos Silva; Patrícia Silva Tofani

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.

2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.

3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.