History, evolution and future perspectives of artificial insemination in domestic birds: Literature review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v12i5.41780Keywords:
Semen collection; Artificial insemination; Fertility.Abstract
Artificial insemination (AI) is the most used reproduction biotechnique in domestic animal species. The use of this technique in poultry reproduction has enabled the rapid dissemination of genetic material from superior males to a large number of females. The first studies with AI in birds began more than a century ago with Ivanoff, in Russia, being considered a pioneer, after obtaining fertile eggs from chickens using semen collected from the vas deferens of roosters. Later, Burrows and Quinn developed the lumbosacral massage technique for semen collection, which is still used today. However, AI only took off from the moment the birds moved from extensive to intensive rearing systems, when they left the ground for suspended cages, mainly in laying hens, allowing greater control and optimization of inseminations. But it was from the 1950s that AI began to be used in commercial poultry, initially in Israel and Australia, followed by the United States and other countries such as Brazil. The technical-economic viability of using AI as a reproductive method in birds has already been proven by several works published in the national and international literature, in several species. In Brazil, despite AI technology in birds being little widespread, some activities have been developed in the experimental field and in the routine of poultry reproduction by private companies, private breeders “hobby” and some universities, but with an application well below that carried out for other species.
References
ABPA. (2023). Associação Brasileira de Proteína Animal. https://abpabr.org/?s=produ%C3%A7%C3%A3o+brasileira+de+carne+de+frango. Acesso em: 02 fev. 2023.
Adamstone, F. B. & Card, L. E. (1934). A study of the spermatozoon of the fowl with particular reference to osmophilic bodies in the sperm head. Journal of Morphology, 56:325-338.
Agroceres multimix. (2022). Avicultura brasileira, passado, presente e futuro. Disponível em: https://agroceresmultimix.com.br/blog/avicultura-brasileira-passado-presente-e-futuro/. Acesso em 04 de abr. de 2023.
Aisha, K. & Zain, U. A. (2010). Artificial insemination in poultry. Department of Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Almeida, J., Resende, O. A. & Dias, P. G. O. (2013). Effects of the components of artificial insemination technique on fertility of white Leghorn hens. Proceedings of the 27th Annual Meeting of the Brazilian Embryo Technology Society, Praia do Forte, BA, Brazil. Abstracts, Animal Reproduction, 10(3):454, Jul./Sept. ISSN 1984-3143.
Amantea, C. (1922). Richerche sulla secrezione spermatica XIV. La raccolta delio sperma e eliminazione degli spermatozoide nel gallo. Rendic d. E. Acead. dei Lintei. 31:207.
Amann, R. P. (1999). Symposium: Managing poultry reproduction to satisfy market demands - Introduction and dedication. Poultry Science, 78:412-413.
Avital-Cohen, N., Heiblum, R., Argov-Argaman, N., Rosenstrauch, A., Chaiseha, Y., Mobarkey, N. & Rozenboim, I. (2013). Age-related changes in gonadal and serotonergic axes of broiler breeder roosters. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 44(3):145-150. 10.1016/j.domaniend.2013.01.002.
Bahr, J. M. & Johnson, P. A. (1991). Reproduction in poultry. In: Cupps, P. T (Ed.). Reproduction in domestic animals. 3rd ed. New York: Academic Press, 555-575.
Bakst, M. R., Wishart, G. J. & Brillard, J. P. (1994). Oviductal sperm selection transport and storage in poultry. Poultry Science - Review, 5:117-143. ISSN: 0964-6604.
Ball, G. F. & Balthazart, J. (2010). Japanese quail as a model system for studying the neuroendocrine control of reproductive and social behaviors. Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources of Journal, 51(4):310-325. 10.1093/ilar.51.4.310.
Balthazart, J., Baillien, M., Charlier, T. D., Cornil, C. A. & Ball, G. F. (2003). The neuroendocrinology of reproductive behavior in Japanese quail. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 25:69-82. 10.1016/s0739-7240(03)00046-8.
Baraldi-Artoni, S. M. B., Bottino, F., Oliveira, D., Sobue Franzo, V., Amoroso, L., Orsi, A. M. & Cruz, C. (2007). Morphometric study of Rynchotus rufescens testis throughout the year. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 67(2):363-367. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842007000200024.
Bednarczyk, M., Dunislawska, A., Stadnicka, K. & Grochowska, E. (2021). Chicken embryo as a model in epigenetic research. Poultry Science, 2-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2021.101164.
Benoff, F. H., Rowe, K., Fuguay, J. I., Renden, J. A. & Scott, A. R. (1981). Effect of semen collector on semen volume and sperm concentration in broiler breeder males. Poultry Science, 60:1062-1065. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0601062.
Blesbois, E., Seigneurin, F., Grasseau, I., Limouzin, C., Besnard, J. B., Gourichon, D, Coquuerelle, G., Rault, P. & Tixier-Boichard, M. (2007). Semen cryopreservation for ex situ management of genetic diversity in chicken: creation of the french avian cryobanks. Poultry Science, 86:555-564. 10.1093/ps/86.3.555.
Bohr, L. W., Ogasawara, F. X. & Lorenz, F. W. (1964). Distribution of spermatozoa in the oviduct and fertility in domestic birds. II. Transport of spermatozoa in the fowl oviduct. Journal of reproduction and fertility, Aug., 8:49-58. 10.1530/jrf.0.0080049.
Bootwalla, S. M. & Miles, R. D. (1992). Development of diluents for domestic fowl semen. World's Poultry Science Journal, 48:121-128. https://doi.org/10.1079/WPS19920012.
Bornstein, S., Schindler, H., Gabriel, I. & Moses, E. (1960). Fertilization rate of chickens inseminated in the morning or in the afternoon. Journal Natural University Institute of Agriculture, Ktavim, 10:183-191.
Brillard, J. P. (1993). Sperm storage and transport following natural mating and artificial insemination. Poultry Science, 72(5):923-228. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0720923.
Burrows, W. H. & Quina, J. P. (1937). 'The collection of spernatozoa from the domestic fowl and turkey. Poultry of Science,16:19.24.
Burrows, W. H. & Quinn, J. P. (1935). A method of obtaining spermatozoa from the domestic fowl. Poultry of Science,14:251-254.
Carson, J. D., Lorenz, F. W. & Asmundson, V. S. (1955). S Moses, E. Semen production in the turkey male. 2. Age at sexual maturity. Poultry Science, 34:344-347. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0340344.
Casanovas, P. (2002). Management techniques to improve male mating activity and compensate for the age-related decline in broiler breeder fertility: Intra-spiking. The Poultry Informed Professional, 63:1-9.
CBRA. (2013). Manual para exame andrológico e avaliação de sêmen animal. 3a ed. Colégio Brasileiro de Reprodução Animal. Aves, Cap. 9, 55-57. ISBN: 978-85-85584-05-4.
Celeghini, E. C. C., Albuquerque, R., Arruda, R. P., Lima, C. G. (2001). Avaliação das características seminais de galos selecionados para a reprodução pelo desenvolvimento da crista. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science, São Paulo, 38(4)177-183. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-95962001000400006 .
Cooper, D. M. (1965). Artificial insemination in poultry. World's Poultry Science Journal, Jan-Mar, 21(1):12-22. 10.1079/wps19650005.
Cooper, D. M. (1959). A comparison of two techniques for inseminating chickens. Veterinary of Economics, 71:715-111.
Cooper, D. M. (1955). A comparison of artificial insemination with natural mating in the domestic fowl. Veterinary of Economics, 67:461-461.
Correa, J. C. S. & Arceo, A. M. A. (1995). Edad a la pubertad y características seminales de Gallos Rhode Island y Criollos Cuello desnudo bajo condiciones tropicales. Veterinária México, 26(4):375-379.
Craft, W. A., Mc Elroy, C. H. & Penquite, E. (1926). The influence of certain feeds upon the production of spermatozoa from the domestic fowl. Poultry Science, 5:187-198.
Christensen, V. L. & Johnston, N. P. (1977). Effect of time of day of insemination and the position of the egg in the oviduct on the fertility of turkeys. Poultry Science, 56:458-462. 10.3382/ps.0560458.
Donoghue, A. M. & Wishart, G. J. (2000). Storage of poultry semen. Animal Reproduction Science, 62:213-232. 10.1016/s0378-4320(00)00160-3.
Driggers, J. C. (1954). Producing hatching eggs in cages by means of artificial insemination. Bull. Flo. Agricultural Experiment Station, 551:16.
Dunn, L. C. (1927). Selective fertilization in fowls. Poultry of Science, 6:201-214.
Etches, R. J. (1996). Reproduction in poultry. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 318.
Gabriel, L. (1957). One-man technique for the collection of cook semen and the insemination of caged bens. Poultry Science, 36: 1035-1038.
Galef, B. G. & White, D. J. (2000). Evidence of social effects on mate choice in vertebrates. Behavioural Processes, 51:167-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-6357(00)00126-1.
Gee, G. F. (1983). Avian artificial insemination, and semen preservation. Proceedings of the1983 Jean Delacour/IFCB symposium on breeding birds in captivity. CA: N. Hollywood, 375-378.
Goodson, J. L., Saldanha, C. J., Hahn, T. P. & Soma, K. K. (2005). Recent advances in behavioral neuroendocrinology: Insights from studies on birds. Hormones and Behavior, 48:461-473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.04.005.
Hafez, B. & Hafez, E. S. E. (2000). Reproduction in farm animals. 7th ed., New York, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, USA. 10.1002/9781119265306.
Hancoch, J. L. (1957). The morphology of boar espermatozoa. Journal of Reproductive Microscopy Society, 76:84-97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1956.tb00443.x.
Herrero-Medrano, J. M., Megens, H., Groenen, M. A. M., Ramis, G.; Bosse, M., Pérez-Enciso, M. & Crooijmans, R. P. M. A. (2013). Conservation genomic analysis of domestic and wild pig populations from the Iberian Peninsula. BMC Genetics, 14(106):1-13. 10.1186/1471-2156-14-106.
Hocking, P. M. & Duff, S. R. I. (1989). Musculo‐skeletal lesions in adult male broiler breeder fowls and their relationships with body weight and fertility at 60 weeks of age. British Poultry Science, 30(4):777-784. 10.1080/00071668908417203.
IBGE (2018). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. As cidades brasileiras com o maior número de aves. Disponível em: https://www.aviculturaindustrial.com.br/imprensa/as-cidades-brasileiras-com-o-maior-numero-de-aves/20190925-114955-n622. Acesso em: 04 de abr., 2023.
Ishsikawa, H. (1930). The lift duration of cock spermatozoa outside the body. Proceedings World Poultry Congress, 91.
Ivanov, E. (1913). Experiente sur la fecundation artificiello dei - oiseaux. Comptes Rendus de la Snciété de Biologia, 75:371-314.
Ivanov, E. I. (1907). De la fe´condation artificielle chez les mammife`res. Archives of Biological Sciences, 12:377-511.
Johnson, P. A. (2006). Reprodução de Aves. In: Reece, W. O. Dukes, Fisiologia dos Animais Domésticos. 12ª ed. Guanabara Koogan, RJ, 691-701.
Johnston, N. P. & Parker, J. E. (1970). The effect of time of oviposition in relation to insemination on fertility of chicken hens. Poultry Science, 49(1):325-327. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0490325.
Khan, R. U., Laudadio, V. & Tufarelli, V. (2012). Semen traits and seminal plasma biochemical parameters in white leghorn layer breeders. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 47(2):190-195. 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2011.01821.x.
Lake, P. E. (1983). Factors affecting the fertility level in poultry, with special reference to artificial insemination. World's Poultry Science Journal, 39 (2):106-117. https://doi.org/10.1079/WPS19830011.
Lake, P. E. (1960). Studies on the dilution and storage of fowl semen. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 1:30-35. 10.1530/jrf.0.0010030.
Leite, M. A. S. & Viveiros, A. T. M. (2013). Coleta de sêmen e inseminação artificial em galinhas. Boletim técnico Universidade Federal de Lavras, 71:1-19.
Leska, A. & Dusza, L. (2007). Seasonal changes in the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis in birds. Reproductive Biology, 7(2):99-126.
Lorenz, F. W. (1969). Reproduction in domestic fowl. In. Cole, H. H. & Cupps, P. T. (eds.). Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 2nd ed. Academic Press, N.Y., London., 569-608. ISBN: 9781483263151.
Lorenz, F. W. & Lerner, I. M. (1946). Inheritance of sexual maturity in male chickens and turkeys. Poultry Science, 25:188-189. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0250188.
Łukaszewicz, E. (2002). An effective method for freezing white Italian gander semen. Theriogenology, 58:19-27. 10.1016/s0093-691x(01)00690-2
Maciel, M. P., Cotta, J. T. B., Murgas, L. D. S. & Freitas, R. T. F. (2008). Desempenho e características do sêmen de galos leves submetidos a diferentes fotoperíodos. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, Lavras, 32(4):1287-1291, https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-70542008000400038.
Marshall, A. J. (1961). Breeding seasons and migration. In Biology and Comparative Physiology of Birds, II. ed. Marshall, A. J. Academic Press. NY, 307.
Mauldin, J. M. (1992). Applications of hehavior to poultry management. Poultry Science, 71(4):634-642. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0710634.
Maule, J. P. (1962). The semen of animals and artificial insemination. Imprint unknown, 420p.
Miškeje, M., Slanina, T., Petrovičová, I. & Massányi, P. (2013). The effect of different concentration of fallopian tubes (oviducts) secretion extract on turkey spermatozoa motility in vitro. Journal of Microbiology Biotechnology Food Science, 2:13.
Mohan, J., Khanday, J. M., Singh, R. P. & Tyagi, J. S. (2013). Effect of storage on the physico-biochemical characteristics and fertility guinea fowl semen. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 1(2):65-68.
Mohan, J., MoudgaL, R. P., Sastry, K. V. H. & Singh, R. (2002). Effects of hemicastration and castration on foam production and its relationship with fertility in male Japanese quail. Theriogenology, 58:29-39. 10.1016/s0093-691x(02)00863-4.
Mohan, J., Sastry, K. V. H. & Kataria, J. M. (2017). A Process for the preparation of CARI poultry semen diluent’ in patent office New Delhi. Patent filed on 28/02/2017, Application number 201711007119.
Mohan, J. & Sharma, S. K. (2017). Recent advances in poultry semen diluents. Proceedings of 26th Annual Conference of Society of Animal Physiologists of India, Bidar, India, 103-108.
Mohan, J., Sharma, S. K., Kolluri, G. & Dhama, K. (2018). History of artificial insemination in poultry, its components and significance. World's Poultry Science Journal, 74(3):475-488. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933918000430.
Mohan, J., Sharma, S. K., Kolluri, G., Singh, R. P., Tyagi, J. S. & Kataria, J. M. (2016). Semen quality characteristics and seasonality in different varieties of male guinea fowl. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 4(6):320-326. 10.14737/journal.aavs/2016/4.6.320.326.
Morais, M. R. P. T., Velho, A. L. M. C. S., Dantas, S. E. S. & Fontenele-Neto, J. D. (2012). Morfofisiologia da reprodução das aves: desenvolvimento embrionário, anatomia e histologia do sistema reprodutor. Acta Veterinaria Brasilica, 6(3):165-176. https://doi.org/10.21708/avb.2012.6.3.2965.
Moultrie, F. (1956). A new technique for the artificial insemination of caged hens. Poultry Science, 35(6):1230-1234. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0351230
Murakami, A. E. & Garcia, E.R.M. (2005). Importância da reprodução das aves no sistema produtivo brasileiro. Congresso Brasileiro de Reprodução Animal, 16, Goiânia, GO. Anais: Palestras.
Novais, G. A., Blank, M. H. & Pereira, R. J. G. (2018). Avanços aplicados à reprodução de aves domésticas e silvestres. Anais do IX Congresso Norte e Nordeste de Reprodução Animal – CONERA, Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal, Belo Horizonte, 42(3/4):180-187.
Olsen, M. W. (1942). Maturation, fertilization and early cleavage in the hen’s egg. Journal of Morphology, 70:513-533. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050700307.
Ordas, B., Vahedi, S., Seidavi, A., Rahati, M., Laudadio, V. & Tufarelli, V. (2015). Effect of testosterone administration and spiking on reproductive success of broiler breeder flocks. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 50(5):820-825. 10.1111/rda.12595.
Pal, D. (1977). Histochemistry of the uterovaginal junction with special reference to the sperm host glands in the oviduct of the domestic duck. Folic Histochemistry Cytochemistry, 15(3): 235-242.
Parker, J. E. (1945). Relation of Time of Day of Artificial insemination to fertility and hatchability of hens’ eggs. Poultry Science, 24 (4):314-317. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0240314.
Parker, J. E. & Arscott, G. H. (1971). Fertility from evening and daytime artificial insemination of chickens. Poultry Science, 50(1):304-306. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0500304.
Payne, L. F. (1914). Vitality and activity of 'pena celis and artificial insemination of the ebicken. Okla. Agricultural Experiment Station, Circ. 30.
Pereira, T. N. & Almeida, J. (2020). Avaliação de patologias espermáticas em sêmen de aves domésticas (Gallus gallus domesticus - galos caipiras) criados em fazendas. Revista Científica do UBM, XXV, 22(42):138-155. https://doi.org/10.52397/rcubm.v22i42.908.
Raimo, H. F. (1943). Estudos sobre a fisiologia da reprodução das aves. II. Observações sobre a coleta e tecnologia do sêmen de Gallus Gallus domesticus. Boletim indústria Animal, São Paulo, 6(1/2):69-83.
Reddy, R. P. (1995). Artificial insemination of broilers economics and management implication. Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on the Artificial Insemination of Poultry, Ill. (USA): Poultry Science Association, Savoy, I.L. 73-89. ISBN: 09-649-81106.
Reis, J. L. M. 1945. Inseminação artificial em Gallus domesticus. Boletim de Inseminação Artificial, 2(3):85-105.
Renden, J. A., May, E. B. & Benoff, F. H. (1981). Histochemistry of uterovaginal sperm host glands in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonesis) with references to the period of oviposition. Poultry Science, 60:2529-2535. 10.3382/ps.0602529.
Resende, O. A. (1977). Influência de alguns fatores da inseminação artificial sobre a fertilidade em galinhas. Porto Alegre, Faculdade de Veterinária UFRGS, 1977, 96p. Dissertação de Mestrado.
Resende, O. A., Almeida, J. & Jaenisch, F. R. F. (2016). Coletânea de artigos brasileiros sobre reprodução de aves. Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Doc. 182, 194p. ISSN: 01016245.
Resende, O. A., Monteiro, J. M. L., Gomes, W. V., Dias, P. G. O. & Meneguelli, C. A. (1974). Influência do manejo da inseminação artificial sobre a postura, sanidade e fertilidade em galinhas Leghorn Branca. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, Brasília, Série Veterinária, 9:9-12. ISSN 1678-3921.
Resende, O. A., Monteiro, J. M. L., Gomes, W. V., Dias, P. G. O. & Meneguelli, C. A. (1973). Influência do manejo da inseminação artificial na rotina da reprodução de galinhas Leghorn Branca. In: Reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia, Porto Alegre, Anais...187-188.
Resende, O. A., Monteiro, J. M. L. & Mies Filho, A. (1978). Influência de alguns fatores da inseminação artificial sobre a fertilidade de galinhas. In: Reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia, Belém, 15, Anais...177-178.
Resende, O. A., Monteiro, J. M. L., Santos, M. W. & Souza, A. O. (1983). Inseminação artificial em galinhas. Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - PESAGRO, Boletim Técnico, 6:1-28.
Resende, O. A., Santos, M. W. & Dias, P. G. O. (1982). Inseminação artificial de galinhas reprodutoras de corte, em gaiolas individuais. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, Brasília, 17(9): 1399-1401, set. ISSN 1678-3921.
Rosa, A. P., Pagamini, F. J., Vieira, N. S., & Paloschi, J. L. (1995). Influência de diferentes intervalos da inseminação artificial e do estresse do manejo da inseminação na produção e fertilidade de fêmeas avícolas. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, 25(3):443-447. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84781995000300020.
Rotava, D & Milbradt, E. L. (2005). Inseminação artificial em perus – aspectos práticos. Congresso Brasileiro de Reprodução Animal, 16, Goiânia, GO. Anais: Palestras. 1-5.
Rutz, F., Anciuti, M. A., Xavier, E. G., Roli, V. F. B. & Rossi, P. (2007). Avanços na fisiologia e desempenho reprodutivo de aves domésticas. Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal, 31(3):307-317 www.cbra.org.br.
Sexton, T. J. (1977). A new poultry semen extender 1. Effect of extension on the fertility of chicken semen. Poultry Science, 56:1443-1446. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0561443.
Sharp, P. J., Dawson, A. & Lea, R. W. (1998). Control of luteinizing hormone and prolactin secretion in birds. Comparative biochemistry and physiology C, 119:275-282. 10.1016/s0742-8413(98)00016-4
Shit, N., SINGH, R. P., Sastry, K. V. H., Pandey, N. K., Mohan, J. & MoudgaL, R. P. (2010). Development of artificial insemination technology in Japanese quail. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 45:50-54.
Skaller, F. (1951). Proceedings of the 9th World's Poultry Congress, Paris - France, 3:124-129.
Sturkie, P. D. (1986). Avian Physiology, Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, 3rd Edition Springer-Verlag, New York, USA, 400p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-96274-5.
Sturkie, P. D. (1965). Avian Physiology. Comstock Publishing Associates, a division of Cornell University Press., (2a ed.), Ithaca, N.Y., 766.
Sturkie, P. D. & Opel, H. (1976). Reproduction in the male, fertilization and early embryonic development. In: Sturkie, P. D. (Ed.). Avian physiology. 3rd.ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, Chapter 17, 331–347.
Thumin, A. (1951). Proceedings of the 9th World's Poultry Congress, Paris - France, 3:154.
Thurston, R. (1995). Storage of poultry semen above freezing for twenty-four to forty-eight hours. Proceeding of the First International Symposium on Artificial Insemination of Poultry; 1994, June 17-19; Savoy (IL): Bakst and Wishart, 107-122. ISBN: 09-649-81106.
Taye, S. & Esatu, W. (2022). Potential and Possibility of Artificial Insemination in Poultry:A Review article. International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences, 9(2): 90-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22192/ijarbs.2022.09.02.010
Tingari, M. D. & Lake, P. E. (1973). Ultrastructural studies on the uterovaginal sperm host glands of the domestic hen, Gallus domesticus. Journal of reproduction and fertility, 34:423-431. 10.1530/jrf.0.0340423.
Tselutin, K., Narubina, L., Mavrodina, T. & Tur, B. (1995). Comparison of cryoprotectants and method of cryopreservation of fowl spermatozoa. British Poultry Science, 36:805-811. 10.1080/00071669508417825
Yamane, J., Tsukunaga, S. & Takahashi, T. (1966). Hirosima" Method of artificial insemination of the domestic fowl. Journal Faculdad Fishing Animal Husbandry, Fukuyama, 6:395-429.
Vieira, J. G. (1939). Inseminação artificial em galinhas. Revista Indústria Animal, 2:127-129.
Vasicek, J., Kuzelova, L., Kulikova, B. & Chrenek, P. (2015). Effect of diluent and storage time on sperm characteristics of rooster insemination doses. Avian Biology Research, 8(1):41-26. https://doi.org/10.3184/175815515X1423245383675.
Wentworth, B. C., Wineland, M. J. & Paton, G. D. (1975). Fertility of turkey hens correlated with depth of insemination. Poultry Science, 54(3):682-687. 10.3382/ps.0540682.
Woodard, A. R., Abplanalp, H., Keliy, C. F. & Wilson, W. O. (1960). Techniques for artificial Insemination of turkeys and chickens in cages. Poultry Science, 39:687.690.
Zhang, Q., Guldbrandtsen, B., Bosse, M., Lund, M. S. & Sahana, G. (2015). Runs of homozygosity and distribution of functional variants in the cattle genome. BMC Genomics, 1(16):1-13. 10.1186/s12864-015-1715-x.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Jaci de Almeida; Osvaldo Almeida Resende
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
