The Legacy of COVID-19: Na analysis of the main complications and sequelae
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v12i10.43346Keywords:
Long COVID; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2.Abstract
Introduction: COVID-19 is an acute respiratory infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and represents a major health problem currently being faced, ranging from mild conditions to death. Individuals who have a more compromised clinical picture may have several sequelae. Objective: To describe the main complications and sequelae associated with post-COVID-19. Methods: This is an integrative review that used data from Pubmed and LILACS databases, limited to the period from 2019 to 2023. The search was carried out by crossing the descriptors “COVID long”, “COVID-19” and “SARS- CoV-2” according to the DeCS to answer the question formulated through the PICO strategy. Results and Discussion: The post-COVID syndrome (PCS) represents the symptomatology present after acute infection with the COVID-19 virus, the condition being defined from 4 weeks or 3 months after the onset of symptoms, depending on the determinations of the health authorities. In the same way as the acute disease, PCS affects several systems butat a later date, with sequels related to the respiratory, cardiovascular, nervous and musculoskeletal systems being portrayed here, involving complications such as pneumonia, pulmonary and cardiac fibrosis, myocarditis, cognitive problems, fatigue, anxiety, depression and myalgias. Conclusion: Simultaneously, SARS-CoV-2 has pulmonary and extrapulmonary actions and, as late complications are still objects of recent study, the results still differ in many points. Thus, it is necessary to develop more research to establish a consensus.
References
Ceban, F., Ling, S., Lui, L. M. W., Lee, Y., Gill, H., Teopiz, K. M., Rodrigues, N. B., Subramaniapillai, M., Di Vincenzo, J. D., Cao, B., Lin, K., Mansur, R. B. Ho, R. C., Rosenblt, J. D., Miskowiak, K. W., Vinberg, M., Maletic, V., & McIntyre, R. S. (2021). Fatigue and Cognitive Impairment in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2021.12.020
De Souza, M. T. de, Silva, M. D. da, & Carvalho, R. de. (2010). Revisão integrativa: o que é e como fazer. Einstein (São Paulo), 8(1), 102–106. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1679-45082010rw1134
Desai, A. D., Lavelle, M., Boursiquot, B. C., & Wan, E. Y. (2022). Long-term complications of COVID-19. American Journal of Physiology - Cell Physiology, 322(1), C1-C11. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00375.2021
Hallek, M., Adorjan, K., Behrends, U., Ertl, G., Suttorp, N., & Lehmann, C. (2023). Post-COVID syndrome. DeutschesÄrzteblatt International. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.m2022.0409
Hamming, I., Timens, W., Bulthuis, M., Lely, A., Navis, G., & van Goor, H. (2004). Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. The Journal of Pathology, 203(2), 631–637. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.1570
Holmes, K. V. (2003). SARS coronavirus: a new challenge for prevention and therapy. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 111(11), 1605–1609. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci18819
Jean, A., Quach, C., Yung, A., & Semret, M. (2013). Gravidade e resultado associados a infecções por coronavírus humano OC43 entre crianças. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 32 :325–329.
Korchut, A., &Rejdak, K. (2023). Late neurological consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection: New challenges for the neurologist. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 17, 1004957. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1004957
Letko, M., Marzi, A., &Munster, V. (2020). Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses. Nature Microbiology, 5(4), 562–569. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0688-y
Manzano, G. S., McEntire, C. R. S., Martinez-Lage, M., Mateen, F. J., & Hutto, S. K. (2021). Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis and Acute Hemorrhagic Leukoencephalitis Following COVID-19: Systematic Review and Meta-synthesis. Neurology - Neuroimmunology Neuroinflammation, 8(6). https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000001080
Mazza, M. G., Palladini, M., Poletti, S., & Benedetti, F. (2022). Post-COVID-19 Depressive Symptoms: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Pharmacological Treatment. CNS Drugs, 36(7), 681-702. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-022-00931-3
Raman, B., Bluemke, D. A., Lüscher, T. F., & Neubauer, S. (2022). Long COVID: post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 with a cardiovascular focus. European Heart Journal, 43(11). https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac031
Scharf, R. E., & Anaya, J.-M. (2023). Post-COVID Syndrome in Adults—An Overview. Viruses, 15(3), 675. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15030675
Silva Andrade, B., Siqueira, S., de Assis Soares, W. R., de Souza Rangel, F., Santos, N. O., dos Santos Freitas, A., Ribeiro da Silveira, P., Tiwari, S., Alzahrani, K. J., Góes-Neto, A., Azevedo, V., Ghosh, P., &Barh, D. (2021). Long-COVID and Post-COVID Health Complications: An Up-to-Date Review on Clinical Conditions and Their Possible Molecular Mechanisms. Viruses, 13(4), 700. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13040700
Silva, P. Z., &Musse, C. A. I. (2022). Panorama de Sequelas Decorrentes da Covid-19 e Perspectivas de Reabilitação: Revisão Não Sistemática. Ver. AMRIGS. https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/biblio-1425055
Somsen, G. A., van Rijn, C., Kooij, S., Bem, R. A., & Bonn, D. (2020). Small droplet aerosols in poorly ventilated spaces and SARS-CoV-2 transmission. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 8(7), 658–659. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30245-9
Van Kessel, S. A. M., Olde Hartman, T. C., Lucassen, P. L. B. J., & van Jaarsveld, C. H. M. (2021). Post-acute and long-COVID-19 symptoms in patients with mild diseases: a systematic review. Family Practice. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmab076
Wan, Y., Shang, J., Graham, R., Baric, R. S., & Li, F. (2020). Receptor recognition by novel coronavirus from Wuhan: An analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS. Journal of Virology, 94(7). https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00127-20
Yang, T., Yan, M. Z., Li, X., & Lau, E. H. Y. (2022). Sequelae of COVID-10 among previously hospitalized patients up to 1 year after discharge: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Infection. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-022-01862-3
Zaki, A. M., van Boheemen, S., Bestebroer, T. M., Osterhaus, A. D. M. E., &Fouchier, R. A. M. (2012). Isolation of a Novel Coronavirus from a Man with Pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. New England Journal of Medicine, 367(19), 1814–1820. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1211721
Zawilska, J. B., & Kuczynska, K. (2022). Psychiatric and neurological complications of long COVID. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 156, 349-360. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.045
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Maria Fernanda Salles Carneiro; Livia Legati Sarto; Renata Pinto Ribeiro Miranda
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
