Impacts of social distancing from the COVID-19 pandemic on older people with Alzheimer's: Scoping review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v13i5.45630Keywords:
Aged; Elderly; Alzheimer Disease; COVID-19; Pandemics.Abstract
Aim: To map the impacts of social distancing measures adopted during the COVID-19 pandemic for elderly people diagnosed with Alzheimer's Disease. Methodology: Scope review according to the JBI method. The search strategy was applied and adapted in the databases LILACS and others/VHL, Scopus and Embase/Elsevier, MEDLINE/PUBMED, CINAHL and others/Ebsco, Cochrane Library/Wiley, PsycINFO/APA and Web of Science Core Collection/Clarivate and on Google Scholar. The Rayyan system was used to manage the selection of the papers. The extraction was carried out using a data extraction instrument designed to achieve the objective of this review. Results: The search resulted in 25 studies and six main themes were identified: impacts on cognition; impacts on behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia; impacts on functionality; impacts on access to health care services; impacts on quality of life and impact on stress levels. Conclusion: The results indicate the need for changes in the care paradigm that was adopted during the last pandemic, as elderly people with Alzheimer's were affected by social distancing measures in several areas. The development of more flexible care management, adapted to the specific needs of this group, can be a powerful strategy both to avoid the suspension of cognitive/physical stimuli and to promote some level of sociability for people with AD, as well as to maintain assistance to their caregivers during pandemic scenarios.
References
Alzheimer´s Association. 2023 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. (2023). Alzheimer's & Dementia, 19(4), 1598-1695. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.13016
Anderson, S., Allen, P., Peckham, S. et al. Asking the right questions: Scoping studies in the commissioning of research on the organisation and delivery of health services. Health Res Policy Sys 6, 7 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4505-6-7
Arksey, H. & O'Malley, L. (2005). Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. International journal of social research methodology, 8 (1), s. 19–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616
Austrom, M. G., Boustani, M., & LaMantia, M. A. (2018). Ongoing Medical Management to Maximize Health and Well-being for Persons Living With Dementia. The Gerontologist, 58(suppl_1), S48-S57. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnx147
Bessey, L. J., & Walaszek, A. (2019). Management of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia. Current psychiatry reports, 21(8), 66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-019-1049-5
Boutoleau-Bretonnière, C., Pouclet-Courtemanche, H., Gillet, A., Bernard, A., Deruet, A. L., Gouraud, I., & El Haj, M. (2020a). The Effects of Confinement on Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Alzheimer’s Disease During the COVID-19 Crisis. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 76, 41-47. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-200604
Brown, E. E., Kumar, S., Rajji, T. K., Pollock, B. G., & Mulsant, B. H. (2020). Anticipating and Mitigating the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28(7), 712-721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2020.04.010
Canevelli, M., Valletta, M., Toccaceli Blasi, M., Remoli, G., Sarti, G., Nuti, F., . . . Bruno, G. (2020). Facing Dementia During the COVID ‐19 Outbreak. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 68(8), 1673-1676. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.16644
Caramelli, P., & Bottino, C. M. C.. (2007). Tratando os sintomas comportamentais e psicológicos da demência (SCPD). Jornal Brasileiro De Psiquiatria, 56(2), 83–87. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0047-20852007000200002
Caratozzolo, S., Scalvini, A., Bonacina, S., Cosseddu, M., Turrone, R., & Padovani, A. (2021). No impact of COVID-19 lockdown on clinical status of elderly with cognitive impairment or dementia using a structured phone-based assessment. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 429, 119799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2021.119799
Chen, Z.-C., Liu, S., Gan, J., Ma, L., Du, X., Zhu, H., & Ji, Y. (2021). The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Lockdown on Mild Cognitive Impairment, Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia With Lewy Bodies in China: A 1-Year Follow-Up Study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.711658
Cinar, N., Sahin, S., Karsidag, S., Karali, F. S., Ates, M. F., Gonul, O., Okluoglu, T., Eren, F., Bulbul, N. G., Okuyan, D. Y., Totuk, O., Demirel, E. A., Golen, M. K., Yildirim, Z., Erhan, H., Polat, B. S. A., Ergin, N., Tur, E. K., & Akdogan, O. (2022). Neuropsychiatric Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Alzheimer's Disease: A Comparative Study of Total and Partial Lockdown. Sisli Etfal Hastanesi tip bulteni, 56(4), 453–460. https://doi.org/10.14744/SEMB.2022.40326
Cohen, G., Russo, M. J., Campos, J. A., & Allegri, R. F. (2020b). Living with dementia: increased level of caregiver stress in times of COVID-19. International Psychogeriatrics, 32(11), 1377-1381. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610220001593
Colquhoun, H. L. et al. (2014). Scoping reviews: time for clarity in definition, methods, and reporting. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 67 (12), s. 1291–1294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.03.013
Cummings, J. L., Mega, M., Gray, K., Rosenberg-Thompson, S., Carusi, D. A., & Gornbein, J. (1994). The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia. Neurology, 44(12), 2308–2314. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.44.12.2308
Custodio, N., Castro-Suárez, S., Montesinos, R., Failoc-Rojas, V. E., Cruz del Castillo, R., & Herrera-Perez, E. (2021). Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Patients With Alzheimer’s Disease During SARS-COV-2 Pandemic in Peru. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias®, 36, 15333175211039089. https://doi.org/10.1177/15333175211039089
Custodio, N., Malaga, M., Montesinos, R., Chambergo, D., Baca, F., Castro, S., & Lanata, S. (2023). Impact of COVID-19 Mandatory Lockdown Measures on Cognitive and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Persons with Alzheimer's Disease in Lima, Peru. Current Alzheimer Research, 20(2), 80-88. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205020666230417103216
Dourado, M. C. N., Belfort, T., Monteiro, A., Lucena, A. T., Lacerda, I. B., Gaigher, J., Baptista, M. A. T., Brandt, M., Kimura, N. R., Souza, N., Gasparini, P., Rangel, R., & Marinho, V.. (2020). COVID-19: challenges for dementia care and research. Dementia & Neuropsychologia, 14(4), 340–344. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642020dn14-040002
El Haj, M., Altintas, E., Chapelet, G., Kapogiannis, D., & Gallouj, K. (2020). High depression and anxiety in people with Alzheimer's disease living in retirement homes during the covid-19 crisis. Psychiatry research, 291, 113294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113294
El Haj, M., Boutoleau-Bretonnière, C., Allain, P., Kapogiannis, D., Chapelet, G., & Gallouj, K. (2022). On Covid-19 and mental health: An observational study on depression, anxiety, and loneliness during the second lockdown in patients with Alzheimer disease. Medicine, 101(18), e29145. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000029145
El Haj, M., Larøi, F., & Gallouj, K. (2020). Hallucinations in a Patient with Alzheimer's Disease During the COVID-19 Crisis: A Case Study. Journal of Alzheimer's disease reports, 4(1), 455–458. https://doi.org/10.3233/ADR-200241
El Haj, M., Larøi, F., & Gallouj, K. (2021). Hallucinations and Covid-19: Increased Occurrence of Hallucinations in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease During Lockdown. The Psychiatric quarterly, 92(4), 1531–1539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-021-09927-6
El Haj, M., Larøi, F., & Gallouj, K. (2021). Hallucinations and Covid-19: Increased Occurrence of Hallucinations in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease During Lockdown. The Psychiatric quarterly, 92(4), 1531–1539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-021-09927-6
Evans, I. E. M., Martyr, A., Collins, R., Brayne, C., & Clare, L. (2019). Social Isolation and Cognitive Function in Later Life: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 70(s1), S119-S144. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-180501
Gedde, M. H., Husebo, B. S., Vahia, I. V., Mannseth, J., Vislapuu, M., Naik, M., & Berge, L. I. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 restrictions on behavioural and psychological symptoms in home-dwelling people with dementia: a prospective cohort study (PAN.DEM). BMJ open, 12(1), e050628. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050628
Grkman, L., Lovrečič, B., & Lovrečić, M. (2022). The Effects of Covid-19 Lockdown on Persons with Dementia. Collegium antropologicum, 46(4), 301-309. https://doi.org/10.5671/ca.46.4.6
Hwang, J.-M., Kim, J.-H., Park, J.-S., Chang, M. C., & Park, D. (2020). Neurological diseases as mortality predictive factors for patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study. Neurological Sciences, 41(9), 2317-2324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-020-04541-z
Ismail, I. I., Kamel, W. A., & Al-Hashel, J. Y. (2021). Association of COVID-19 Pandemic and Rate of Cognitive Decline in Patients with Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Cross-sectional Study. Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, 7, 233372142110052. https://doi.org/10.1177/23337214211005223
Kumar, A., & Salinas, J. (2021). The Long-Term Public Health Impact of Social Distancing on Brain Health: Topical Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(14), 7307. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147307
Lara, B., Carnes, A., Dakterzada, F., Benitez, I., & Piñol-Ripoll, G. (2020). Neuropsychiatric symptoms and quality of life in Spanish patients with Alzheimer's disease during the COVID-19 lockdown. European journal of neurology, 27(9), 1744–1747. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14339
Liu, K. Y., Howard, R., Banerjee, S., Comas‐Herrera, A., Goddard, J., Knapp, M., & Burns, A. (2021). Dementia wellbeing and COVID‐19: Review and expert consensus on current research and knowledge gaps. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 36(11), 1597-1639. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.5567
Manca, R., De Marco, M., & Venneri, A. (2020). The Impact of COVID-19 Infection and Enforced Prolonged Social Isolation on Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Older Adults With and Without Dementia: A Review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.585540
Melo, M. M., & Branco, P. R. (2021). COVID-19 and People with Dementia: A Silent Pandemic? Acta Médica Portuguesa, 34(3), 242-242. https://doi.org/10.20344/amp.15193
Munn, Z., Peters, M.D.J., Stern, C. et al. Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Med Res Methodol 18, 143 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0611-x
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2018). Dementia: assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers [página de internet]. Internet. Recuperado em 12 de março, 2024, em https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng97/chapter/Putting-this-guideline-into-practice
Okayama Declarations of the G20 Health Ministers. (2019,). [Evento]. https://www.mhlw.go.jp/seisakunitsuite/bunya/hokabunya/kokusai/g20/health/img/G20Okayama_HM_EN.pdf
Paolini, S., Devita, M., Epifania, O. M., Anselmi, P., Sergi, G., Mapelli, D., & Coin, A. (2021). Perception of stress and cognitive efficiency in older adults with mild and moderate dementia during the COVID-19-related lockdown. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 149, 110584. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110584
Pelicioni, P. H. S., Schulz-Moore, J. S., Hale, L., Canning, C. G., & Lord, S. R. (2020). Lockdown During COVID-19 and the Increase of Frailty in People With Neurological Conditions. Frontiers in neurology, 11, 604299. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.604299
Peters, M. D. J. et al. (2021). Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews. JBI evidence implementation, 19 (1), s. 3–10. doi:10.1097/xeb.0000000000000277
Peters, M. D. J., Godfrey, C., McInerney, P., Munn, Z., Tricco, A. C., Khalil, H. Scoping Reviews (2020). Aromataris E, Lockwood C, Porritt K, Pilla B, Jordan Z, editors. JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. JBI; 2024. Available from: https://synthesismanual.jbi.global. https://doi.org/10.46658/JBIMES-24-09
Pollock, D., Peters, M. D. J., Khalil, H., McInerney, P., Alexander, L., Tricco, A. C., Evans, C., de Moraes, É. B., Godfrey, C. M., Pieper, D., Saran, A., Stern, C., & Munn, Z. (2023). Recommendations for the extraction, analysis, and presentation of results in scoping reviews. JBI evidence synthesis, 21(3), 520–532. https://doi.org/10.11124/JBIES-22-00123
Reisberg, B., Borenstein, J., Salob, S. P., Ferris, S. H., Franssen, E., & Georgotas, A. (1987). Behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: phenomenology and treatment. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 48 Suppl, 9–15.
Sánchez-García, M., Rodríguez-Del Rey, T., Pérez-Sáez, E., & Gay-Puente, F. J. (2022). Síntomas neuropsiquiátricos en personas con demencia relacionados con el confinamiento por la pandemia de la COVID-19. Revisión sistemática exploratoria [Neuropsychiatric symptoms in people living with dementia related to COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Exploratory systematic review]. Revista de neurologia, 74(3), 83–92. https://doi.org/10.33588/rn.7403.2021356
Sánchez-Valdeón, L., Bello-Corral, L., Mayo-Iscar, A., Fernández-Lázaro, D., & Seco-Calvo, J. (2023). Impact of discontinuing non-pharmacological interventions on cognitive impairment in dementia patients by COVID-19 lockdown. A pilot observational, longitudinal, retrospective study carried out in an adult day center in Spain during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Medicine, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1204151
Schapira, M. (2020). Impacto psicosocial de la pandemia por COVID-19 en adultos mayores con demencia y sus cuidadores. Revista Argentina De Salud Pública, 12, e4. Recuperado a partir de https://rasp.msal.gov.ar/index.php/rasp/article/view/524
Sizoo, E. M., Thunnissen, J. A., Van Loon, A. M., Brederveld, C. L., Timmer, H., Hendriks, S., & Smalbrugge, M. (2022). The course of neuropsychiatric symptoms and psychotropic drug use in Dutch nursing home patients with dementia during the first wave of COVID‐19: A longitudinal cohort study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 37(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.5693
Suárez-González, A., Rajagopalan, J., Livingston, G., & Alladi, S. (2021). The effect of COVID-19 isolation measures on the cognition and mental health of people living with dementia: A rapid systematic review of one year of quantitative evidence. EClinicalMedicine, 39, 101047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101047
Tannous, J., Pan, A., Bako, A., Potter, T., Jones, S. L., Janjan, N., Smith, M. L., Seshadri, S., Ory, M. G., & Vahidy, F. S. (2022). COVID-19 associated disruptions in routine health care of people with mild cognitive impairment or dementia. Alzheimer's & dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 14(1), e12323. https://doi.org/10.1002/dad2.12323
Terziotti, C., Ceolin, C., Devita, M., Raffaelli, C., Antenucci, S., Bazzano, S., & Coin, A. (2023). Frailty, psychological well‐being, and social isolation in older adults with cognitive impairment during the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic: data from the GeroCovid initiative. Psychogeriatrics, 23(6), 1007-1018. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyg.13021
Thyrian, J. R., Kracht, F., Nikelski, A., Boekholt, M., Schumacher-Schönert, F., Rädke, A., & Kreisel, S. H. (2020). The situation of elderly with cognitive impairment living at home during lockdown in the Corona-pandemic in Germany. BMC Geriatrics, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01957-2
Tible, O. P., Riese, F., Savaskan, E., & von Gunten, A. (2017). Best practice in the management of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia. Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders, 10(8), 297-309. https://doi.org/10.1177/1756285617712979
Tsatali, M., Moraitou, D., Boza, E. S., & Tsolaki, M. (2023). Cognition and Functionality Were Not Affected Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic in People with Mild Cognitive Impairment and AD Dementia Attending Digital Non-Pharmacologic Interventions. Brain sciences, 13(7), 1044. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13071044
Tsatali, M., Moraitou, D., Poptsi, E., Sia, E., Agogiatou, C., Gialaouzidis, M., Tabakis, I. M., Avdikou, K., Bakoglidou, E., Batsila, G., Bekiaridis-Moschou, D., Chatziroumpi, O., Diamantidou, A., Gavra, A., Kouroundi, E., Liapi, D., Markou, N., Ouzouni, F., Papasozomenou, C., Soumpourou, A., & Tsolaki, M. (2021). Are There Any Cognitive and Behavioral Changes Potentially Related to Quarantine Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic in People with Mild Cognitive Impairment and AD Dementia? A Longitudinal Study. Brain sciences, 11(9), 1165. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11091165
Tsiakiri, A., Vlotinou, P., Terzoudi, A., Heliopoulos, I., & Vadikolias, K. (2022). Cognitive, Functional, and Emotional Changes During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Greek Patients with Neurocognitive Disorders. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 88(2), 537-547. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-220118
Wang, H., Li, T., Barbarino, P., Gauthier, S., Brodaty, H., Molinuevo, J. L., & Yu, X. (2020). Dementia care during COVID-19. The Lancet, 395(10231), 1190-1191. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30755-8
Witkowska-Płusa U. (2021). Stan czynności życia codziennego oraz aktywności poznawczej u chorych w podeszłym wieku z objawami otępienia w przebiegu choroby Alzheimera w czasie COVID-19 [Status of everyday activities and cognitive activity in elderly patients with symptoms of Alzheimer's dementia during COVID-19]. Polski merkuriusz lekarski : organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego, 49(292), 266–268.
World Health Organization (2017). Global action plan on the public health response to dementia. 2017–2025. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/hand le/10665/259615/9789241513487-eng.pdf, accessed 11 July 2021
World Health Organization (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): situation report, 73. [Relatório da World Health Organization]. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/situation-report---73
World Health Organization (2021). Global status report on the public health response to dementia. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/344701/9789240033245-eng.pdf?sequence=1
World health organization (2022). ICD-11 for mortality and morbidity statistics. https://icd.who.int/browse/2024-01/mms/es#546689346
Zhong, B.-L., Chen, S.-L., Tu, X., & Conwell, Y. (2017). Loneliness and Cognitive Function in Older Adults: Findings From the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 72(1), 120-128. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbw037
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Juliana Aguiar Santana Benevides; Aluísio Gomes da Silva Junior; Gisele Caldas Alexandre; Eliana Rosa Fonseca
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
