Determination of the required hydrophilic-lipophilic balance for the development of emulsions containing turpentine oil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v13i8.46639Keywords:
Emulsion; Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance; Turpentine; Stability.Abstract
Emulsions are versatile formulations used across various industrial sectors; in pharmacy and cosmetology, they are referred to as "lotions." These emulsions are created by combining two immiscible liquids, a process made possible by the addition of a surfactant. This compound has both polar and non-polar functional groups in molecular structure, which position themselves between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic components, respectively, forming micelles. Due to the complexity and potential instability of this system, producing emulsions resistant to phase separation, especially when using vegetable oils, requires determining the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) needed for such formulations. The HLB system classifies surfactants based on their solubility in water and oil. To determine the HLB required for emulsions containing turpentine oil, we applied a serial emulsion production methodology. The result was the formulation and production of 42 emulsions, each with a required surfactant concentration of 15% and an HLB value of 8.15, which aligns with the qualitative evaluations and stability tests conducted in this study.
References
Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. (2010, 13 de janeiro). Parecer Técnico nº 2: Utilização de Terebentina (Turpentine) em cosméticos. https://www.gov.br/anvisa/pt-br/setorregulado/regularizacao/cosmeticos/pareceres/parecer-tecnico-no-2-de-13-de-janeiro-de-2010
Beltrami, M., Basso, R., Silva, M., Cardoso, S., & Stulzer, H. (2008). Estudos de estabilidade acelerada de emulsões manipulados contendo o antiviral aciclovir. Visão Acadêmica, 9(2). doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/acd.v9i2.14644
Casteli, V. C., Mendonça, C. C., Silva, I. C. L. da, Rodrigues, K. A., Campos, M. A. L. de, & Machado, S. R. P. (2008). Desenvolvimento e estudos de estabilidade preliminares de emulsões O/A contendo Cetoconazol 2,0%. Acta Scientiarum. Health Sciences, 30(2), 121-128. https://doi.org/10.4025/actascihealthsci.v30i2.812
Charoo, N. A., Shamsher, A. A. A., Kohli, K., Pillai, K., & Rahman, Z. (2008). Improvement in bioavailability of transdermally applied flurbiprofen using tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) and turpentine oil. Colloids and Surfaces. B, Biointerfaces, 65(2), 300–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2008.05.001
Estanqueiro, M., Conceição, J., Amaral, M. H., Santos, D., Silva, J. B., & Lobo, J. M. S. (2014). Characterization and stability studies of emulsion systems containing pumice. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 50(2), 361–369. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502014000200016
Frange, R. C. C., & Garcia, M. T. J. (2010). **Desenvolvimento de emulsões óleo de oliva/água: Avaliação da estabilidade física**. *Revista de Ciências Farmacêuticas Básica e Aplicada - Journal of Basic and Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences, 14, 1-10. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49599625_Desenvolvimento_de_emulsoes_oleo_de_olivaagua_avaliacao_da_estabilidade_fisica
Franzol, A., Banin, T. M., Brazil, T. R., & Rezende, M. C. (2021). Assessment of kinetic stability of cosmetic emulsions formulated with different emulsifiers using rheological and sensory analyses. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 99(3), 469–481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-021-05587-x
Franzol, A. (2015). Departamento de Materiais e Processos, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica – ITA, São José dos Campos, SP, Brasil. Seção Técnica, Polímeros, 25(spe). https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-1428.1669
G. Penido, R., C. Nunes, R., & N. dos Santos, E. (2022). Sustainable solvents for chemical processes. Revista Virtual de Química, 14(3), 537–551. https://doi.org/10.21577/1984-6835.20220085
Görne, R. C., Günnewich, N., Huber, H., Wallmen, B., & Zimmermann, C. (2024). Turpentine ointment for the treatment of folliculitis: An open, prospective, randomized, placebo- and comparator-controlled multicenter trial. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 36(5), 259-266. https://doi.org/10.1159/000535711
Griffin, W. C. (1949). Classification of surface active agents by HLB. Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists, 1(5), 311–326
Haneke, K. E. (2002). Turpentine (Turpentine Oil, Wood Turpentine, Sulfate Turpentine, Sulfite Turpentine): Review of Toxicological Literature. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Disponível em: http://www.niehs.nih.gov/
Khan, N. R., Khan, G. M., Wahab, A., Akhlaq, M., Din, F. U., Qureshi, O. S., ... & Khan, K. U. (2011). Formulation, and physical, in vitro and ex vivo evaluation of transdermal ibuprofen hydrogels containing turpentine oil as penetration enhancer. Pharmazie, 66(11), 849-852. https://doi.org/10.1691/ph.2011.1026p
Meher, J. G., Yadav, N. P., Sahu, J. J., & Sinha, P. (2013). Determination of required hydrophilic–lipophilic balance of citronella oil and development of stable cream formulation. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 39(10), 1540–1546. https://doi.org/10.3109/03639045.2012.719902
Merghni, A., Lassoued, M. A., Rasoanirina, B. N. V., Moumni, S., & Mastouri, M. (2022). Characterization of Turpentine nanoemulsion and assessment of its antibiofilm potential against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Microbial Pathogenesis, 165, 105530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105530
Nitschke, M., & Pastore, G. M. (2002). Biossurfactantes: propriedades e aplicações. Quimica Nova, 25(5), 772–776. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-40422002000500013
Pereira, A. S., Shitsuka, D. M., Parreira, F. J., & Shitsuka, R. (2018). Metodologia da pesquisa científica (1ª ed., p. 100). Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Núcleo de Tecnologia Educacional. ISBN 978-85-8341-204-5.
Prista, L. N., Alves, A. C., Morgado, R. M. R., & Lobo, J. M. S. (2008). Formas farmacêuticas obtidas por dispersão mecânica. In Tecnologia Farmacêutica (7ª ed., Vol. 1, Cap. 8, pp. 598-668). Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian
Rosário, M. S., Gauto, M. I. R., Silva, A. C. L. N., Sales, J. S., Pereira, F. S., Santos, E. P., Ricci Júnior, E., & Costa, M. C. P. (2021.). Estudo de estabilidade de emulsão cosmética com potencial de creme hidratante para o tratamento da xerose cutânea utilizando o óleo de babaçu (Orbignya phalerata martius). Brazilian Journals Publicações de Periódicos. https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv7n3-596
Saengsorn, K., & Jimtaisong, A. (2018). Determination of hydrophilic–lipophilic balance value and emulsion properties of sacha inchi oil. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 8(1), 50-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.10.011
Salager, J.-L., Antón, R., Bullón, J., Forgiarini, A., & Marquez, R. (2020). How to use the normalized hydrophilic-lipophilic deviation (HLDN) concept for the formulation of equilibrated and emulsified surfactant-oil-water systems for cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. Cosmetics, 7(3), 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics7030057
Smaoui, S., Ben Hlima, H., Jarraya, R., Kamoun, N. G., Ellouze, R., & Damak, M. (2012). Cosmetic emulsion from virgin olive oil: Formulation and bio-physical evaluation. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(40), 9664-9671. http://doi.org/10.5897/AJB12.163
Wang, J., Han, X., Li, T., & Yu, G. (2020). Mechanism and application of emulsifiers for stabilizing emulsions: A review. Food Science, 41(21), 303-310. http://www.spkx.net.cn. DOI:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20191201-003
Venkataramani, D., Tsulaia, A., & Amin, S. (2020). Fundamentals and applications of particle stabilized emulsions in cosmetic formulations. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 283(102234), 102234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2020.102234
Welin-Berger, K., & Bergenståhl, B. (2000). Inhibition of Ostwald ripening in local anesthetic emulsions by using hydrophobic excipients in the disperse phase. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 200(2), 249–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5173(00)00395-1
Zanin, S., Miguel, M. D., Okuyama, S. S. K., & Araujo, V. L. (2004). Proposta de diferentes padrões de avaliação para determinação do equilíbrio hidrófilo-lipófilo (EHL) de produtos gordurosos semi-sólidos (sebo de carneiro). Visão Acadêmica, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.5380/acd.v4i1.519
Zanin, S., Miguel, M. D., Chimelli, M. C., & Oliveira, A. B. (2004). Determinação do equilíbrio hidrófilo-lipófilo (EHL) de óleos de origem vegetal. Visão Acadêmica, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.5380/acd.v3i1.494
Zięba, M., Małysa, A., Klimaszewska, E., & Wykrota, M. (2016). Assessment of physicochemical properties of facial care emulsions containing selected fruit acids. Polish Journal of Cosmetology, 19(1), 42-46. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299897693
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Maressa Ludgero; Ranieri Campos
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.