Impacts of COVID-19 on work and mental health of health workers

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i9.7783

Keywords:

COVID-19; Work conditions; Mental health; Occupational Risks; Health Professionals.

Abstract

The global impacts on public health and the economy caused by the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the weaknesses of crisis and emergency preparedness systems for both the State and companies. Work, employment and income were notably affected and insecurity for the future due to economic losses, fear of contagion, changes in routine and increased environmental stressors affected workers, especially health professionals on the front lines of fighting the pandemic. This article aims to discuss the impacts of COVID-19 on the work and mental health of health workers. To this end, the production of the most recent knowledge about the impacts of COVID-19 on work and income and its relationship with evidence of symptoms of mental health problems among workers, especially health professionals, were analyzed.  This is an integrative literature review, supported by international databases, reports by international agencies and relevant legislation. The results demonstrate that the prolonged exposure to the pathogenic agent, fear of contagion, intensive working hours, environmental and occupational stressors, the need to deal with the psychological demands of patients and the ethical dilemmas in decision making make health professionals susceptible to loss of quality of life during and after the pandemic.

Author Biographies

Roberto Moraes Cruz , Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina

Graduação em Psicologia (UFBA), Mestre em Educação (UFBA) e Doutor em Engenharia de Produção (UFSC). Pós-Doutorado em Ciências da Saúde (UNIFESP), Pós-Doutorado em Ciências da Saúde (UFMG) e Pós-Doutorado em Ciências Humanas (Universitat de Barcelona).

Grasiela Torrico, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina

Bacharel em Psicologia e Mestranda em psicologia pela Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina.  Especialista em Gestão de Pessoas pela UFSC e Especialista em Gestão de Pessoas, Indicadores e Coaching pelo IPOG.

 

 

Janete Knapik, Universidade Positivo

Psicóloga pela Universidade Tuiuti do Paraná, Especialista em Gestal Psicosocial pela SIG- Società Italiana di Gestalt, especialista em gestão empresarial com ênfase em gestão de pessoas pela FGV, mestre em Administração.

Synara Sepúlveda Sales, Universidade Tuiuti do Paraná

Bacharel e Licenciatura em Psicologia pela UESPI, Mestre em Psicologia Forense - UTP, Especialista em Psicologia Jurídica pelo CESMAC, Especialista em Terapia Cognitivo Comportamental e Terapia de Esquemas pelo IPTC, membro do Laboratório Fator Humano.

Fernanda Pereira Labiak, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (Univali)

Bacharela, licenciada e formação em psicologia pela Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), MBA em Gestão Estratégica de Pessoas pela (UFU) e mestra em Educação pela Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC).

Adelino Domingos Onofre, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina   

Licenciado em Psicologia pela UCLV, Especialista e Mestre em Psiquiatria e Saúde Mental pela UP, Doutorando em Psicologia na UFSC, membro do Laboratório Fator Humano                                              

 

Sarah Gisele Martins Klokner, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina

Bacharel em Psicologia pela UEM, Especialista em Dinâmica de Grupos e Gestão de Pessoas, Mestranda em Psicologia na UFSC, membro do Laboratório Fator Humano e NEPPOT.

References

Barros-Delben, P., Cruz, R. M., Trevisan, K. R. R., Gai, M. J. P., Carvalho, R. V. C., Carlotto, R. A. C., & Malloy-Diniz, L. F. (2020). Saúde mental em situação de emergência: COVID-19. Revista Debates in Psychiatry, 10(2), 2-12, [Ahead of print]. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.25118/2236-918X-10-2-3

Blake, K. D., Blendon, R. J., & Viswanath, K. (2010). Employment and compliance with pandemic influenza mitigation recommendations. Emerging infectious diseases, 16(2), 212. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1602.090638

Borges, E. M. D. N., Fonseca, C. I. N. D. S., Baptista, P. C. P., Queirós, C. M. L., Baldonedo-Mosteiro, M., & Mosteiro-Diaz, M. P. (2019). Fadiga por compaixão em enfermeiros de urgência e emergência hospitalar de adultos. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 27. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.2973.3175

Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(102227), 912-920. Doi: https:// doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8

Blustein, D. L., Duffy, R., Ferreira, J. A., Cohen-Scali, V., Cinamon, R. G., & Allan, B. A. (2020). Unemployment in the time of COVID-19: A research agenda. Journal of vocational behavior, 119, 103436. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103436

Cénat, J. M., Mukunzi, J. N., Noorishad, P. G., Rousseau, C., Derivois, D., & Bukaka, J. (2020). A systematic review of mental health programs among populations affected by the Ebola virus disease. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 131, 109966. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.109966

Cohen, M. J. (2020). Does the COVID-19 outbreak mark the onset of a sustainable consumption transition?. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2020.1740472

Corley, A., Hammond, N. E., & Fraser, J. F. (2010). The experiences of health care workers employed in an Australian intensive care unit during the H1N1 Influenza pandemic of 2009: a phenomenological study. International journal of nursing studies, 47(5), 577-585. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.11.015

Duan, L., & Zhu, G. (2020). Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), 300-302. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30073-0

Duval, A., Gulseren, D. B., & Kelloway, E. K. (2020). 12 Supporting employees with invisible disabilities via flexible work. Flexible Work: Designing our Healthier Future Lives, 12. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429326585

Ebrahim, S. H., Ahmed, Q. A., Gozzer, E., Schlagenhauf, P., & Memish, Z. A. (2020). Covid-19 and community mitigation strategies in a pandemic. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1066

Figueiredo, V. C. N. & Nascimento, B. R. (2015). Sofrimento psíquico-social de mulheres desempregadas no contexto de trabalho precarizado. Estudos do Trabalho, 8 (15). Recuperado de: http://www.estudosdotrabalho.org/RRET%2015%2003.pdf

Freitas, A. R. R., Napimoga, M., & Donalisio, M. R. (2020). Análise da gravidade da pandemia de Covid-19. Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde, 29, e2020119. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5123/S1679-49742020000200008

Garcia, R. (2017). Neurobiology of fear and specific phobias. Learning & Memory, 24(9), 462-471. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.044115.116

Gardner, P. J., & Moallef, P. (2015). Psychological impact on SARS survivors: Critical review of the English language literature. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 56(1), 123. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0037973

Hooley, T., Sultana, R. G., & Thomsen, R. (2018). The neoliberal challenge to career guidance: Mobilising research, policy and practice around social justice. In T. Hooley, R. Sultana, & R. Thomsen (Eds.) Career guidance for social justice: Contesting neoliberalism. London: Routledge, 1–27. Recuperado de: https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/35892

Hopia, H., Latvala, E., & Liimatainen, L. (2016). Reviewing the methodology of an integrative review. Scand J Caring Sci. 30(4), 662-9. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.12327.

International Monetary Fund. (2020). A Crisis Like No Other, An Uncertain Recovery. World Economic Outlook Update, June 2020. Disponível em: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2020/06/24/WEOUpdateJune2020

Jackson Filho, M. J., Assunção, A. Á., Algranti, E., Garcia, E. G., Saito, C. A., & Maeno, M. (2020). A saúde do trabalhador e o enfrentamento da COVID-19. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-6369ED0000120

Jin, Y. H., Cai, L., Cheng, Z. S., Cheng, H., Deng, T., Fan, Y. P., ... & Han, Y. (2020). A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version). Military Medical Research, 7(1), 4. Doi: ttps://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-00246-8

Kang, L., Li, Y., Hu, S., Chen, M., Yang, C., Yang, B. X., ... & Chen, J. (2020). The mental health of medical workers in Wuhan, China dealing with the 2019 novel coronavirus. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(3), e14. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30047-X

Lai, J., Ma, S., Wang, Y., Cai, Z., Hu, J., Wei, N., ... & Tan, H. (2020). Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA network open, 3(3), e203976-e203976. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976

Lancet, T. (2020). COVID-19: protecting health-care workers. Lancet (London, England), 395(10228), 922. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30644-9

Li, W., Yang, Y., Liu, Z. H., Zhao, Y. J., Zhang, Q., Zhang, L., ... & Xiang, Y. T. (2020). Progression of mental health services during the COVID-19 outbreak in China. International journal of biological sciences, 16(10), 1732. Doi: https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.45120

Lima, C. K. T., Carvalho, P. M. M., Lima, I. A. S., Nunes, J. A. V. O., Saraiva, J. S., Souza, R. I., ... Rolim Neto, M. L. (2020). The emotional impact of coronavirus 2019-Ncov (new Coronavirus Disease). Psychiatry Research, 287, e112915. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112915

Lu, W., Wang, H., Lin, Y., & Li, L. (2020). Psychological status of medical workforce during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Psychiatry research, 112936. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112936

Malloy-Diniz, L. F., Costa, D. S., Loureiro, F., Moreira, L., Silveira, B., Sadi, H., ... & Miranda, D. (2020). Saúde mental na pandemia de COVID-19: considerações práticas multidisciplinares sobre cognição, emoção e comportamento. Debates em psiquiatria - Ahead of print. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.25118/2236-918X-10-2-6

Marques, C. L., Bertoncello, K., & Lima, C. C. (2020). Exceção dilatória para os consumidores frente à força maior da pandemia de COVID-19: pela urgente aprovação do PL 3.515/2015 de atualização do CDC e por uma moratória aos consumidores. Revista de Direito do Consumidor, 129(29), 47-71. Recuperado de: https://revistadedireitodoconsumidor.emnuvens.com.br/rdc/article/view/1312

Medida Provisória nº 936. (2020), de 1 de abril de 2020. Institui o Programa Emergencial de Manutenção do Emprego e da Renda [...] e dá outras providências. Presidência da República. Recuperado de: https://www.congressonacional.leg.br/materias/medidas-provisorias/-/mpv/141375

Medida Provisória nº 944. (2020), 3 de abril de 2020. Institui o Programa Emergencial de Suporte a Empregos. Presidência da República. Recuperado de: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2019-2022/2020/Mpv/mpv944.htm

Nassif, V. M. J., Corrêa, V. S., & Rossetto, D. E. (2020). Estão Os Empreendedores E As Pequenas Empresas Preparadas Para As Adversidades Contextuais? Uma Reflexão À Luz Da Pandemia Do Covid-19. Revista de Empreendedorismo e Gestão de Pequenas Empresas, 9(2). Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14211/regepe.v9i2.1880

National Center for PTSD. (2020). Managing Healthcare Workers’ Stress Associated with the COVID-19 Virus Outbreak. Recuperado de: https://www.ptsd.va.gov/covid/COVID_healthcare_workers.asp

Neiderud, C. J. (2015). How urbanization affects the epidemiology of emerging infectious diseases. Infection ecology & epidemiology, 5(1), 27060. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3402/iee.v5.27060

Ornell, F., Schuch, J. B., Sordi, A. O., & Kessler, F. H. P. (2020). “Pandemic fear” and COVID-19: mental health burden and strategies. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 42(3), 232-235. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0008

Ornell, F., Halpern, S. C., Kessler, F. H. P. & Narvaez, J. C. M. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of healthcare professionals. Espaço Temático: COVID-19 – Contribuições da Saúde Coletiva. Contribuições Da Saúde Coletiva. Cad. Saúde Pública 36(4). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00063520

Orrù, G., Ciacchini, R., Gemignani, A., & Conversano, C. (2020). Psychological intervention measures during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 17(2), 76-79. Doi: https://doi.org/10.36131/cn20200208

Panagioti, M., Geraghty, K., Johnson, J., Zhou, A., Panagopoulou, E., Chew-Graham, C., ... & Esmail, A. (2018). Association between physician burnout and patient safety, professionalism, and patient satisfaction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA internal medicine, 178(10), 1317-1331. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.3713

Paterlini, M. (2020) On the front lines of coronavirus: the Italian response to covid-19. BMJ, 368 (1065). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1065

Petzold, M. B., Plag, J., & Ströhle, A. (2020). Umgang mit psychischer Belastung bei Gesundheitsfachkräften im Rahmen der Covid-19-Pandemie. Der Nervenarzt, 1. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-020-00905-0

Pfefferbaum, B., & North, C. S. (2020). Mental health and the Covid-19 pandemic. New England Journal of Medicine, 383 (6), 510-512. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2008017

Portaria nº 454. (2019), 18 de fevereiro de 2019. Diário Oficial da União. Ministério do Desenvolvimento Regional. Edição 39, Seção 1: 54. Recuperado de: https://www.in.gov.br/materia/-/asset_publisher/Kujrw0TZC2Mb/content/id/64777788

Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. General psychiatry, 33(2). https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213

Rana, W., Mukhtar, S., & Mukhtar, S. (2020). Mental health of medical workers in Pakistan during the pandemic COVID-19 outbreak. Asian journal of psychiatry, 51, 102080. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102080

Reardon, S. (2015). Ebola's mental-health wounds linger in Africa: health-care workers struggle to help people who have been traumatized by the epidemic. Nature, 519(7541), 13-15. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1038 / 519013a

Rosenbaum, L. (2020). Facing Covid-19 in Italy—ethics, logistics, and therapeutics on the epidemic’s front line. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(20), 1873-1875. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2005492

Roy, D., Tripathy, S., Kar, S. K., Sharma, N., Verma, S. K., & Kaushal, V. (2020). Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 102083. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102083

Smith, J. A. & Judd, J. (2020). COVID‐19: Vulnerability and the power of privilege in a pandemic. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 31(2), 158. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/hpja.333

Sohrabi, C., Alsafi, Z., O’Neill, N., Khan, M., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., ... & Agha, R. (2020). World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). International Journal of Surgery. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.02.034

Thunstrom, L., Newbold, S., Finnoff, D., Ashworth, M., & Shogren, J. F. (2020). The benefits and costs of flattening the curve for COVID-19. Available at SSRN 3561934. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3561934

Tucci, V., Moukaddam, N., Meadows, J., Shah, S., Galwankar, S. C., & Kapur, G. B. (2017). The forgotten plague: psychiatric manifestations of ebola, zika, and emerging infectious diseases. Journal of global infectious diseases, 9(4), 151. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/jgid.jgid_66_17

Vera-Villarroel, P. (2020). Psicología y COVID-19: un análisis desde los procesos psicológicos básicos. Revista Cuadernos de Neuropsicología - Panamerican Journal of Neuropsychology, 14 (1). Doi: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.7714/CNPS/14.1.201

Vigo, D., Patten, S., Pajer, K., Krausz, M., Taylor, S., Rush, B., ... & Yatham, L. N. (2020). Mental Health of Communities during the COVID-19 Pandemic. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 1-7. Doi: doi.org/10.1177/0706743720926676

Wilson, A. N., Ravaldi, C., Scoullar, M. J., Vogel, J. P., Szabo, R. A., Fisher, J. R., & Homer, C. S. (2020). Caring for the carers: Ensuring the provision of quality maternity care during a global pandemic. Women and Birth. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2020.03.011

Wang, Y., Duan, Z., Ma, Z., Mao, Y., Li, X., Wilson, A., Qin, H., Ou, J., Peng, K., Zhou, F., Li, C., Liu, Z., & Chen, R. (2020). Epidemiology of mental health problems among patients with cancer during COVID-19 pandemic. Translational psychiatry, 10(1), 263. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-00950-y

World Health Organization. (2020a). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): situation report - 78. Geneva. Recuperado de: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200407-sitrep-78-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=bc43e1b_2

World Health Organization (2020b) Mental health and psychosocial considerations during the COVID-19 outbreak. Recuperado de: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/mental-health-considerations.pdf

Zhang, S. X., Wang, Y., Rauch, A., & Wei, F. (2020). Unprecedented disruption of lives and work: Health, distress and life satisfaction of working adults in China one month into the COVID-19 outbreak. Psychiatry research, 112958. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112958

Zwielewski, G., Oltramari, G., Santos, A. R. S., Nicolazzi, E. M. D. S., de Moura, J. A., Schlindwein-Zanini, R., & Cruz, R. M. (2020). Protocolos para tratamento psicológico em pandemias: As demandas em saúde mental produzidas pela COVID-19. Revista debates in psychiatry-Ahead of print. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.25118/2236-918X-10-2-4

Downloads

Published

01/09/2020

How to Cite

MORAES CRUZ , R. .; TORRICO, G. .; KNAPIK, J. . .; SEPÚLVEDA SALES, S.; PEGORARO GAI, M. J.; PEREIRA LABIAK, F.; DOMINGOS ONOFRE, A.; MARTINS KLOKNER, S. G. Impacts of COVID-19 on work and mental health of health workers. Research, Society and Development, [S. l.], v. 9, n. 9, p. e639997783, 2020. DOI: 10.33448/rsd-v9i9.7783. Disponível em: https://rsdjournal.org/index.php/rsd/article/view/7783. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2024.

Issue

Vol. 9 No. 9

Section

Human and Social Sciences

License

Copyright (c) 2020 Roberto Moraes Cruz ; Grasiela Torrico; Janete Knapik; Synara Sepúlveda Sales; Maria Julia Pegoraro Gai; Fernanda Pereira Labiak; Adelino Domingos Onofre; Sarah Gisele Martins Klokner

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.

2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.

3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.