Dynamics of experimental infection with Leptospira serogroup Pomona in different sheep breed
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i2.12373Keywords:
Resistance; Leptospirosis; Santa Inês; Crossbred sheep; Pomona.Abstract
Most of the information about leptospirosis was obtained from experimental infections with rodents, which in spite of being relevant, do not provide all the answers about the disease in animals and human beings, given the variability of interactions which exist between the agent and the different hosts. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to verify the pathogenesis of the infection in native breeds of sheep of Brazil challenged with a strain of the serogroup Pomona. A total of 10 sheep were divided into two groups with five animals according to the breed. In each group four sheep were challenged by intraperitoneal route with a strain of the serogroup Pomona and one was used as control. Sheep were monitored for 60 days, with collection of blood for serologic diagnosis, as well as vaginal fluid and urine for microbiological and molecular analyses. After this period the animals were submitted to euthanasia and necropsy, with collection of tissues for microbiological, molecular and histopathologic diagnosis. All the challenged sheep presented anti-Leptospira antibodies. Crossbred sheep presented a lower concentration of titers and the antibodies were detected for a shorter period of time when compared to the Santa Inês sheep, with statistical difference in the concentration of the titers on the days 15 (p<0.05), 45 (p<0.05) and 60 (p<0.05) post-infection. There was no significant difference between the groups when comparing the positivity rates of the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) (p>0.05). Eight positive reactions in the urine and vaginal fluid PCR were detected in both groups, being four (50%) in urine and four (50%) in the vaginal fluid, however without statistical difference (p>0.05). In both groups there was a greater proportion of PCR positive samples in kidneys (71.4%) in relation to uterus (28.6%), however without significant difference (p>0.05). There was no significant difference between the groups when comparing the positivity rates of the PCR (p>0.05). The isolation of leptospires from the urine and kidney of a crossbred sheep was possible. Therefore, it is possible that the native sheep, especially the crossbred, may have a relation of resistance with strains of the serogroup Pomona. However the intensity and duration of this relation need to be elucidated and longer-lasting investigations of natural and experimental infections are necessary in order to determine the epidemiological nature of this relation.
References
Arent, Z. J., Gilmore, C., San-Miguel, A. J. M., Quevedo, N. L., & García Peña, F. J. (2017b). Molecular Epidemiology of Leptospira Serogroup Pomona Infections among Wild and Domestic Animals in Spain. EcoHealth. 14(1), 48-57. 10.1007/s10393-017-1210-8.
Arent, Z., Frizzell, C., Gilmore, C., Mackie, D., & Ellis, W. A. (2013). Isolation of leptospires from genital tract of sheep. Veterinary Record, 173(23), 582-583. 10.1136/vr.101969.
Arent, Z., Gilmore, C., Barlow, A. M., Smith, L., & Ellis. W. A. (2017a). Leptospira interrogans serogroup Pomona infections in the UK: is there a real threat for farm animals? Veterinary Record, 180(17), 514-514. 10.1136/vr.103891corr1.
Barbosa, C. S., Martins, G., & Lilenbaum, W. 2016. Blood collection by gingival puncture on hamsters reduces animal number in leptospirosis virulence tests. ALTEX, 33(3), 322–323.
Barragan, V., Nieto, N., Keim, P., & Pearson, T. (2017). Meta-analysis to estimate the load of Leptospira excreted in urine: beyond rats as important sources of transmission in low -income rural communities. BMC Research Notes, 10(71), 1-7. 10.1186/s13104-017-2384-4.
Chakraborty, A., Miyahara, S., Villanueva, S. Y., Saito, M., Gloriani, N.G., & Yoshida, S.A. (2011). A novel combination of selective agents for isolation of Leptospira species. Microbiology and Immunoogy, 55(7), 494-501. 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2011.00347.x.
Correia, L., Loureiro, A. P., & Lilenbaum, W. (2017). Effects of rainfall on incidental and host-maintained leptospiral infections in cattle in a tropical region. Veterinary Journal, 220(1), 63-63 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.12.016.
Costa, D. F., Silva, M. L. C. R., Martins, G., Dantas, A. F. M., Melo, M. A., Azevedo, S. S., Lilenbaum, W., & Alves, C. J. (2018). Susceptibility among breeds of sheep experimentally infected with Leptospira interrogans Pomona serogroup. Microbial Pathogenesis, 122(1), 79-83. 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.06.017.
Costa, D. F., Silva, A. F., Farias, A. E. M., Brasil, A. W. L., Santos, F. A., Guilherme, R. F., Azevedo, S. S., & Alves, C. J. (2016). Serological study of the Leptospira spp. infection in sheep and goats slaughtered in the State of Paraíba, semiarid of Northeastern Brazil. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 37(2), 819-828. http://www.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semagrarias/article/viewFile/20974/18600.
Costa, F., Hagan, J. E., Calcagno, J., Kane, M., Torgerson, P., Martinez-Silveira, M. S., Stein, C., Abela-Ridder, B., & KO, A. L. (2015). Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis: a systematic review. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 9(9), e0003898. 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003898.
Ellis, W. A, Bryson, D. G., Neill, S. D., McParland, P. J., &Malone, F. E. (1983). Possible involvement of leptospires in abortion, stillbirths and neonatal deaths in sheep. Veterinary Record, 112(13), 291-293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.112.13.291.
Ellis, W. A. (2012). Leptospirosis. In Diseases of Swine. (10th ed.), Zimmerman, J. J., Ramirez, A., Schwartz, K. J. Stevenson, G. W. Wiley-Blackwell. pp 770–778. http://www.vet.unicen.edu.ar/ActividadesCurriculares/EnfermedadesInfecciosas/images/Documentos/2015/Diseases%20of%20Swine.%20J.J.Zi mmerman.%2010th%20Edition.%202012.pdf.
Ellis, W.A. (2015). Animal Leptospirosis. Current Topics in Microbiology and Imunology, 387(1), 99-137. 10.1007/978-3-662-45059-8_6.
Gomes-Solecki, M., Santecchia, I., & Werts, C. (2017). Animal models of leptospirosis: of mice and hamsters. Frontiers in Immunology, 8(58), 1-20. 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00058.
Hamond, C., Martins, G., Loureiro, A.P., Pestana, C., Lawson-Ferreira, R., Medeiros, M.A., & Lilenbaum, W. (2014). Urinary PCR as an increasingly useful tool for an accurate diagnosis of leptospirosis in livestock. Veterinary Research Communications, 38(1), 81-85. 10.1007/s11259-013-9582-x.
Hamond, C., Silveira, C. S., Buroni, F., Suanes, A., Nieves, C., Salaberry, X., Aráoz, V., Costa, R. A., Rivero, R., Giannitti, F., & Zarantonelli, L. (2019). Leptospira interrogans serogroup Pomona serovar Kennewicki infection in two sheep flocks with acute leptospirosis in Uruguay. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 66(3), 1186-1194. 10.1111/tbed.13133.
Lilenbaum, W., Varges, R., Risto, W. P., Corte, Z. A., Souza, S. O., Richtzenhain, J., & Vasconcellos, S. A. (2009). Identification of Leptospira spp. carriers among seroreactive goats and sheep by polymerase chain reaction. Research in Veterinary Science, 87(1), 16-19. 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.12.014.
Lilenbaum, W., Varges, R., Brandão, F. Z., Cortez, A., de Souza, S. O., Brandão, P. E., Richtzenhain, L. J., & Vasconcellos, S. A. (2008). Detection of Leptospira spp. in semen and vaginal fluids of goats and sheep by polymerase chain reaction. Theriogenology. 69(7), 837-842. 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.10.027.
Lucchesi, P. M. A., Arroyo, G. H., Etcheverría, E. I., Parma, A. E., & Seijo, A. C. (2004). Recommendations for the detection of Leptospira in urine by PCR. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 37(2), 131–134. 10.1590/S0037-86822004000200003.
Mansell, C., & Benschop, J. (2014). Leptospirosis is an important multi-species zoonotic disease in New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 127(1388), 1175-8716. http://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal/127-1388/5980/.
Martins, G., & Lilenbaum, W. (2014). Leptospirosis in sheep and goats under tropical conditions. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 46(1), 11-17. 10.1007/s11250-013-0480-6
Miraglia, F., Moreno, L. Z., Morais, Z. M., Langoni, H., Shimabukuro, F. H., Dellagostin, O. A., Hartskeerl, R., Vasconcellos, S. A., & Moreno, A. M. (2015). Characterization of Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona isolated from swine in Brazil, The Journal of Infecion in Developing Coutries, 9(10), 1054-1061. 10.3855/jidc.5507.
Monahan, A. M,. Callanan, J. J., & Nally, J. E. (2009). Review paper: Host-pathogen interactions in the kidney during chronic leptospirosis. Veterinary Pathology, 46(5), 792–801. 10.1354/vp.08-VP-0265-N-REV.
Picardeau, M. (2013). Diagnosis and epidemiology of leptospirosis. Médecine et maladies infectieuses-NLM, 43(1), 1-9. 10.1016/j.medmal.2012.11.005.
Pinto, P. S., Libonati, H., Penna, B., & Lilenbaum, W., (2016). A systematic review on the microscopic agglutination test seroepidemiology of bovine leptospirosis in Latin America. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 48(2), 239–248. 10.1007/s11250-015-0954-9.
Rocha, B. R., Balaro, M., Pereira, P. V., Martins, G., & Lilenbaum, W. (2018). Chronic experimental genital leptospirosis with autochthonous Leptospira santarosai strains of serogroup Sejroe. Small Ruminant Research, 164(1), 28-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.04.015.
Rocha, B. R., Balaro, M., Pereira, P. V., Martins, & G., Lilenbaum, W. (2017). Molecular demonstration of intermittent shedding of Leptospira in cattle and sheep and its implications on control. Ciência Rural, 47(8), 1-4. 10.1590/0103-8478cr20170088.
Silva, A. F., Farias, P. J. A., Silva, M. L. C. R., Araújo Júnior, J. P, Malossi, C. D., Ullmann, L. S., Costa, D. F., Higino, S. S. S., Azevedo, S. S., & Alves, C. J. (2018). High frequency of genital carriers of Leptospira sp. in sheep slaughtered in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 51(1), 43-47. 10.1007/S11250-018-1657-9.
Silva, E. F., Santos, C. S., Athanazio, D. A., Seyffert, N., Seixas, F. K., Cerqueira, G. M., Fagundes, M. Q., Brod, C. S., Reis, M. G., Dellagostin, O. A., & Ko, A. I. (2008). Characterization of virulence of Leptospira isolates in a hamster model. Vaccine, 26(31), 3892–3896. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.04.085.
Stoddard, R. A., Gee, J. E., Wilkins, P. P., McCaustland, K., & Hoffmaster, A. R. (2009). Detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp. through TaqMan polymerase chain reaction targeting the LipL32 gene. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 64(3), 247-255. 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2009.03.014.
Subharat, S., Wilson, P., Heuer, C., & Collins-Emerson, J. (2012). Longitudinal serological survey and herd-level risk factors for Leptospira spp. serovars Hardjo-bovis and Pomona on deer farms with sheep and/or beef cattle. New Zeland Veterinary Journal, 60(4), 215-222. 10.1080/00480169.2012.663323.
Suepaul, S. M., Carringtonb, C. V., Campbell, M., Bordea, G., & Adesiyuna, A. A. (2010). Study on the efficacy of Leptospira vaccines developed from serovars isolated from Trinidad and comparison with commercial vaccines using a hamster model. Vaccine, 28(33), 5421–5426. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.06.019
Sullivan, N. D. (1970). Experimental infection of pregnant cows with Leptospira Hardjo. Australian Veterinary Journal, 46(4), 123–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1970.tb01969.x.
Vallée, E., Heuer, C., Collins-Emerson, J. M., Benschop, J., & Wilson, P. R. (2015). Serological pat-terns, antibody half-life and shedding in urine of Leptospira spp. in naturally exposed sheep. New Zeland Veterinary Journal, 63(6), 301–313. 10.1080/00480169.2015.1049668.
Vallée, E., Ridler, A. L., Heuer, C., Collins-Emerson, J.M., Benschop, J., & Wilson, P. R. (2017). Effectiveness of a commercial leptospiral vaccine on urinary shedding in naturally exposed sheep in New Zealand. Vaccine. 35(9), 1362–1368. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.037.
Vermunt, J. J., West, D. M., Cooke, M. M., Alley, M. R., & Collins-Emerson, J. (1994). Observations on three outbreaks of Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona infection in lambs. New Zeland Veterinary Journal, 42(4), 133-139. 10.1080/00480169.1994.35803.
World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), Leptospirosis, in: Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, World Organization for Animal Health, Paris, (2014). http://wahis2-devt.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/fr/Health_standards/tahm/2.01.09_LEPTO.pdf.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Diego Figueiredo da Costa; Davidianne de Andrade Morais; Aline Ferreira da Silva; Ismael Lira Borges; Jefferson da Silva Ferreira; Camila de Sousa Bezerra; Carla Lauise Rodrigues Menezes Pimenta; Maria Luana Cristiny Rodrigues Silva; Sergio Santos de Azevedo; Clebert José Alves
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
