Antibiotic residues in honey: a public health issue
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i11.9604Keywords:
Medicine residues; Animal product; Health risk.Abstract
Honey has numerous uses and composes formulations of many food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic products due to its chemical, biological, and sensorial characteristics. In recent years, several reports and scientific articles claim the contamination of honey by antibiotics, a fact that is a public health problem since the ingestion of them can cause several side effects. In this sense, the purpose of this work was to carry out a literature review in international circulation databases about the contamination of honey by antibiotics in the last 10 years. It is observed in the literature that several quality control methods for evaluating this product have been developed, with the main objective of detecting trace concentrations of these compounds. In this context, the chromatographic techniques, rapid tests, immunoassays, and the use of emerging technologies that are considered sustainable for sample preparation stand out. When these methods are applied to honey samples, it is clear that the contamination of honeys by antibiotic residues has been growing every year, making it evident that programs for continuous monitoring of these residues in honeys are conducted. Also, not only has the amount of antibiotics increased, but also the diversity of assets being used. Regarding the residues present, the main antibiotics found in the evaluated samples belong to the class of tetracyclines, sulfonamides, aminoglycosides, macrolides, and amphenicols. However, few countries report maximum residue limits (MRL) allowed for these substances in honey, and in Brazil, as well as in the European Union, no MRL has been established for antibiotics in this product so far, which indicates that it is extremely important that MRL be adopted to ensure food safety for consumers.
References
Abdel Wahab, W. A., Saleh, S. A. A., Karam, E. A., Mansour, N. M., & Esawy, M. A. (2018). Possible Correlation Among Osmophilic Bacteria, Levan Yield, and the Probiotic Activity of Three Bacterial Honey Isolates. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 14, 386–394.
Affek, A. N. (2018). Indicators of Ecosystem Potential for Pollination and Honey Production. Ecological Indicators, 94, 33–45.
Aksoy, A. (2019). Simultaneous Screening of Antibiotic Residues in Honey by Biochip Multi-Array Technology. Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 75(05), 6240–2019.
Al Naggar, Y., Codling, G., Vogt, A., Naiem, E., Mona, M., Seif, A., & Giesy, J. P. (2015). Organophosphorus Insecticides in Honey, Pollen and Bees (Apis Mellifera L.) and Their Potential Hazard to Bee Colonies in Egypt. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 114, 1–8.
Alla, A. E. A. (2020). Residues of Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol and Tylosin Antibiotics in the Egyptian Bee Honeys Collected from Different Governorates. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 23(3), 385–390.
Argauer, R. J., & Moats, W. A. (1991). Degradation of Oxytetracycline in Honey as Measured by Fluorescence and Liquid Chromatographic Assays. Apidologie, 22(2), 109–115.
Baeza Fonte, A.-N., Castro, G. R., & Liva-Garrido, M. (2018). Multi-Residue Analysis of Sulfonamide Antibiotics in Honey Samples by On-Line Solid Phase Extraction Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Coupled to Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies, 41(15–16), 881–891.
Bailone, R. L., Fukushima, H. C. S., & Roça, R. de O. (2016). Qualidade Físico-Química e Detecção de Resíduos e Contaminantes no Mel – Estudo de Caso. Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, 23(1), 826-836.
Bargańska, Z., Namieśnik, J., & Ślebioda, M. (2011). Determination of Antibiotic Residues in Honey. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 30(7), 1035–1041.
Barrasso, R., Bonerba, E., Savarino, A., Ceci, E., Bozzo, G., & Tantillo, G. (2018). Simultaneous Quantitative Detection of Six Families of Antibiotics in Honey Using A Biochip Multi-Array Technology. Veterinary Sciences, 6(1), 1-10.
Battino, M., Forbes-Hernández, T. Y., Gasparrini, M., Afrin, S., Cianciosi, D., Zhang, J., … Giampieri, F. (2019). Relevance of Functional Foods in the Mediterranean Diet: the Role of Olive Oil, Berries and Honey in the Prevention of Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 59(6), 893–920.
Belas, A. de J. I. (2012). Resíduos de Medicamentos Veterinários em Mel. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
Bergamo, G., Seraglio, S. K. T., Gonzaga, L. V., Fett, R., & Costa, A. C. O. (2019). Physicochemical Characteristics of Bracatinga Honeydew Honey and Blossom Honey Produced in the State of Santa Catarina: An Approach to Honey Differentiation. Food Research International, 116, 745–754.
Bogdanov, S. (2006). Contaminants of Bee Products. Apidologie, 37, 1–18.
Bonerba, E., Panseri, S., Arioli, F., Nobile, M., Terio, V., Di Cesare, F., … Maria Chiesa, L. (2021). Determination of Antibiotic Residues in Honey in Relation to Different Potential Sources and Relevance for Food Inspection. Food Chemistry, 334, 127575.
Bonta, V., Marghitas, L. A., Dezmirean, D., & Bobis, O. (2009). Determination of Six Sulfonamide Residues in Honey by HPLC with Fluorescence Detection. Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca - Animal Science and Biotechnologies, 66, 237–241.
Brasil. (2000). Ministério da Agricultura e Abastecimento. Instrução Normativa No. 11, de 20 de outubro de 2000. Aprova Regulamento Técnico de Identidade e Qualidade do Mel. Retrieved from http://www.cidasc.sc.gov.br/inspecao/files/2012/08/IN-11-de-2000.pdf
Brasil. (2019). Ministério da Saúde. Instrução Normativa No. 51, de 19 de dezembro de 2019. Estabelece a lista de limites máximos de resíduos (LMR), ingestão diária aceitável (IDA) e dose de referência aguda (DRfA) para insumos farmacêuticos ativos (IFA) de medicamentos veterinários. Retrieved from https://www.in.gov.br/web/dou/-/instrucao-normativa-n-51-de-19-de-dezembro-de-2019-235414514
Brasil. (2020). Ministério da Economia. Comércio Exterior: Balança comercial brasileira. Retrieved from http://www.mdic.gov.br/index.php/comercio-exterior/estatisticas-de-comercio-exterior/balanca-comercial-brasileira-acumulado-do-ano
Brum, L. F. S. (2018). Farmacologia Aplicada à Farmácia (1 ed). Porto Alegre: SAGAH.
Campone, L., Celano, R., Piccinelli, A. L., Pagano, I., Cicero, N., Sanzo, R. Di, … Rastrelli, L. (2019). Ultrasound Assisted Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction for Fast and Accurate Analysis of Chloramphenicol in Honey. Food Research International, 115, 572–579.
Carvalho, R. D. A., Ribeiro, A. C., Lima, C. M., Mariz, W. P. da S., Silva, L. S., Silva, A. M. da, … Trombete, F. M. (2020). Assessment of Adulteration and Mycoflora Identification of Honey Samples Marketed in Tte Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Research, Society and Development, 9(7), 440974246.
Chiesa, L. M., Panseri, S., Nobile, M., Ceriani, F., & Arioli, F. (2018). Distribution of POPs, Pesticides and Antibiotic Residues in Organic Honeys From Different Production Areas. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 35(7), 1340–1355.
Cianciosi, D., Forbes-Hernández, T. Y., Afrin, S., Gasparrini, M., Reboredo-Rodriguez, P., Manna, P. P., … Battino, M. (2018). Phenolic Compounds in Honey and Their Associated Health Benefits: A Review. Molecules, 23(9), 1–20.
Claussen, K., Stocks, E., Bhat, D., Fish, J., & Rubin, C. D. (2017). How Common Are Pulmonary and Hepatic Adverse Effects in Older Adults Prescribed Nitrofurantoin? Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 65(6), 1316–1320.
Codex Alimentarius. (2001). Revised Codex Standard for Honey, Standards and Standard Methods. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/input/download/standards/310/cxs_012e.pdf
Codex Alimentarius. (2010). Joint FAO/WHO food standards programme. codex committee on residues of veterinary drugs in foods: discussion paper on veterinary drugs in honey production. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/tempref/codex/Meetings/CCRVDF/ccrv df19/CRDs/RV19_CRD06x.pdf
Correia, D. M. M. (2008). Análise de Sulfonamidas no Mel: Validação e Optimização de um Método de HPLC-Fluorescência. Dissertação de Mestrado, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
Du, L.-J., Yi, L., Ye, L.-H., Chen, Y.-B., Cao, J., Peng, L.-Q., Hu, Y.-H. (2018). Miniaturized Solid-Phase Extraction of Macrolide Antibiotics in Honey and Bovine Milk Using Mesoporous MCM-41 Silica as Sorbent. Journal of Chromatography A, 1537, 10–20.
El-Nahhal, Y. (2020). Pesticide Residues in Honey and Their Potential Reproductive Toxicity. Science of The Total Environment, 741, 139953.
Erejuwa, O. O., Sulaiman, S. A., Wahab, M. S. A., Sirajudeen, K. N. S., Salleh, M. S. M., & Gurtu, S. (2011). Differential Responses to Blood Pressure and Oxidative Stress in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Wistar-Kyoto Rats and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats: Effects of Antioxidant (Honey) Treatment. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 12(3), 1888–1907.
European Commission. (2002a). European Commission Council Directive 2001/110/EC of 20 December 2001 relating to honey. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32001L0110
European Commission. (2002b). European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC implementing Council Directive 96/23/EC concerning the performance of analytical methods and the interpretation of results. Retrieved from https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/ed928116-a955-4a84-b10a-cf7a82bad858/language-en
European Union. (2003). Commission Decision of 13 March 2003 amending Decision 2002/657/EC as regards the setting of minimum required performance limits (MRPLs) for certain residues in food of animal origin. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32003D0181
European Union. (2010). Commission Regulation (EU) No 37/2010 of 22 December 2009 on pharmacologically active substances and their classification regarding maximum residue limits in foodstuffs of animal origin. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/health/s ites/health/files/files/eudralex/vol-5/reg_2010_37/reg_2010_37_en.pdf
European Union Reference Laboratory. (2007). CRL guidance paper (7 December 2007) CRLS view on state of the art analytical methods for national residue control plans. Retrieved from https://www.bvl.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/07_Untersuchungen/EURL_E mpfehlungen_Konzentrationsauswahl_Methodenvalierungen_EN.pdf;jsessionid=BAEEED8832B07484DCE268E27802BFD4.2_cid351?__blob=publicationFile&v=3
Evans, J. D. (2003). Diverse Origins of Tetracycline Resistance in the Honey Bee Bacterial Pathogen Paenibacillus larvae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 83(1), 46–50.
Ford, S. M. (2017). Clinical Pharmacology (11 ed.). Philadelphia: LWW.
Galarini, R., Saluti, G., Giusepponi, D., Rossi, R., & Moretti, S. (2015). Multiclass determination of 27 antibiotics in Honey. Food Control, 48, 12–24.
Gałuszka, A., Migaszewski, Z., & Namieśnik, J. (2013). The 12 Principles of Green Analytical Chemistry and the Significance Mnemonic of Green Analytical Practices. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 50, 78–84.
Galyautdinova, G. G., Egorov, V. I., Saifutdinov, A. M., Rakhmetova, E. R., Malanev, A. V., Aleyev, D. V., Semenov, E. I. (2020). Detection of Tetracycline Antibiotics in Honey Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 11(1), 311–314.
Gheldof, N., & Engeseth, N. J. (2002). Antioxidant Capacity of Honeys From Various Floral Sources Based on the Determination of Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity and Inhibition of In Vitro Lipoprotein Oxidation in Human Serum Samples. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(10), 3050–3055.
Hammel, Y. A., Mohamed, R., Gremaud, E., LeBreton, M. H., & Guy, P. A. (2008). Multi-Screening Approach to Monitor and Quantify 42 Antibiotic Residues in Honey by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1177(1), 58–76.
Ji, S., Zhang, F., Luo, X., Yang, B., Jin, G., Yan, J., & Liang, X. (2013). Synthesis of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Sorbents and Application for the Determination of Aminoglycosides Antibiotics in Honey. Journal of Chromatography A, 1313, 113–118.
Kivrak, İ., Kivrak, Ş., & Harmandar, M. (2016). Development of a Rapid Method for the Determination of Antibiotic Residues in Honey Using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Food Science and Technology, 36(1), 90–96.
Korkmaz, S. D., Kuplulu, O., Cil, G. I., & Akyuz, E. (2017). Detection of Sulfonamide and Tetracycline Antibiotic Residues in Turkish Pine Honey. International Journal of Food Properties, 20(1), S50–S55.
Kumar, A., Gill, J. P. S., Bedi, J. S., & Chhuneja, P. K. (2020). Residues of Antibiotics in Raw Honeys From Different Apiaries of Northern India and Evaluation of Human Health Risks. Acta Alimentaria, 49(3), 314–320.
Kumar, A., Gill, J. P. S., Bedi, J. S., Chhuneja, P. K., & Kumar, A. (2020). Determination of Antibiotic Residues in Indian Honeys and Assessment of Potential Risks to Consumers. Journal of Apicultural Research, 59(1), 25–34.
Kumar, A., Gill, J. P. S., Bedi, J. S., & Kumar, A. (2018). Pesticide Residues in Indian Raw Honeys, an Indicator of Environmental Pollution. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(34), 34005–34016.
Kümmerer, K. (2009). Antibiotics in the Aquatic Environment – A Review – Part I. Chemosphere, 75(4), 417–434.
Kwakman, P. H. S., & Zaat, S. A. J. (2012). Antibacterial Components of Honey. IUBMB Life, 64(1), 48–55.
Li, D., Li, T., Wang, L., & Ji, S. (2018). A Polyvinyl Alcohol-Coated Core-Shell Magnetic Nanoparticle for the Extraction of Aminoglycoside Antibiotics Residues From Honey Samples. Journal of Chromatography A, 1581, 1–7.
Li, Z., Li, Z., & Xu, D. (2017). Simultaneous Detection of Four Nitrofuran Metabolites in Honey by Using a Visualized Microarray Screen Assay. Food Chemistry, 221, 1813–1821.
Liberato, M. da C. T. C., & Morais, S. M. de. (2016). Produtos apícolas do ceará e suas origens florais: caractéristicas físicas, químicas e funcionais. Retrieved from http://www.uece.br/eduece/dmdocuments/produtos apicolas do ceará e suas origens florais_casado.pdf
Louppis, A. P., Kontominas, M. G., & Papastephanou, C. (2017). Determination of Antibiotic Residues in Honey by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Electronspray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Food Analytical Methods, 10(10), 3385–3397.
Mahmoudi, R., Norian, R., & Pajohi-Alamoti, M. (2014). Antibiotic Residues in Iranian Honey by Elisa. International Journal of Food Properties, 17(10), 2367–2373.
Manimekalai, M., Sheshadri, A., Kumar, K. S., & Rawson, A. (2016). Ultrasound Assisted Method Development for the Determination of Selected Sulfonamides in Honey Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia, 16(2), 289–295.
Martel, A. C., Zeggane, S., Drajnudel, P., Faucon, J. P., & Aubert, M. (2006). Tetracycline Residues in Honey After Hive Treatment. Food Additives and Contaminants, 23(3), 265–273.
McNamee, S. E., Rosar, G., Persic, L., Elliott, C. T., & Campbell, K. (2017). Feasibility of a Novel Multispot Nanoarray for Antibiotic Screening in Honey. Food Additives and Contaminants - Part A Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure and Risk Assessment, 34(4), 562–572.
Mohamed, R., Hammel, Y. A., LeBreton, M. H., Tabet, J. C., Jullien, L., & Guy, P. A. (2007). Evaluation of Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Interfaces for Quantitative Measurement of Sulfonamides in Honey Using Isotope Dilution Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry Techniques. Journal of Chromatography A, 1160(1–2), 194–205.
Mohan, A., Quek, S.-Y., Gutierrez-Maddox, N., Gao, Y., & Shu, Q. (2017). Effect of Honey in Improving the Gut Microbial Balance. Food Quality and Safety, 1, 107–115.
Mujić, I., Alibabić, V., Jokić, S., Galijašević, E., Jukić, D., Šekulja, D., & Bajramović, M. (2011). Determination of Pesticides, Heavy Metals,Radioactive Substances, and Antibiotic Residues in Honey. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 20(3), 719–724.
Omidi, M., Niknahad, H., & Mohammadi-Bardbori, A. (2016). Dithiothreitol (DTT) Rescues Mitochondria from Nitrofurantoin-Induced Mitotoxicity in Rat. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology, 30(12), 588–592.
Orso, D., Floriano, L., Ribeiro, L. C., Bandeira, N. M. G., Prestes, O. D., & Zanella, R. (2016). Simultaneous Determination of Multiclass Pesticides and Antibiotics in Honey Samples Based on Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Food Analytical Methods, 9(6), 1638–1653.
Ortelli, D., Edder, P., & Corvi, C. (2004). Analysis of Chloramphenicol Residues in Honey by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Chromatographia, 59(1–2), 61–64.
Perkons, I., Pugajeva, I., & Bartkevics, V. (2018). Simultaneous Screening and Quantification of Aminoglycoside Antibiotics in Honey Using Mixed-Mode Liquid Chromatography with Quadrupole Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectroscopy with Heated Electrospray Ionization. Journal of Separation Science, 41(16), 3186–3194.
Reybroeck, W., Daeseleire, E., De Brabander, H. F., & Herman, L. (2012). Antimicrobials in Beekeeping. Veterinary Microbiology, 158(1–2), 1–11.
Saleh, S. M. K., Mussaed, A. M., & Al-Hariri, F. M. (2016). Determination of Tetracycline and Oxytetracycline Residues in Honey by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology B, 6(2), 135–139.
Santana, A., Santana, M., & Pereira, P. (2018). Development of a Method Based on DLLME and UFLC-DAD for the Determination of Antibiotics in Honey Samples and the Study of Their Degradation Kinetics. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 29, 1538-1550.
Shendy, A. H., Al-Ghobashy, M. A., Gad Alla, S. A., & Lotfy, H. M. (2016). Development and Validation of a Modified QuEChERS Protocol Coupled to LC–MS/MS for Simultaneous Determination of Multi-Class Antibiotic Residues in Honey. Food Chemistry, 190, 982–989.
Sheridan, R., Policastro, B., Thomas, S., & Rice, D. (2008). Analysis and Occurrence of 14 Sulfonamide Antibacterials and Chloramphenicol in Honey by Solid-Phase Extraction Followed by LC/MS/MS Analysis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56(10), 3509–3516.
Sipahi, H., Aydogan, G., Helvacioglu, S., Charehsaz, M., Guzelmeric, E., & Aydin, A. (2017). Antioxidant, Antiinflammatory and Antimutagenic Activities of Various Kinds of Turkish Honey. Fabad Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 42(1), 7–13.
Sousa, L. C. F. S. (2013). Apicultura no Semiárido Paraibano: defensividade de abelhas africanizadas com e sem alimentação artificial. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Pombal, Brasil.
Stagos, D., Soulitsiotis, N., Tsadila, C., Papaeconomou, S., Arvanitis, C., Ntontos, A., … Mossialos, D. (2018). Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Different Types of Honey Derived from Mount Olympus in Greece. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 42(2), 726–734.
Thanasarakhan, W., Kruanetr, S., Deming, R. L., Liawruangrath, B., Wangkarn, S., & Liawruangrath, S. (2011). Sequential Injection Spectrophotometric Determination of Tetracycline Antibiotics in Pharmaceutical Preparations and Their Residues in Honey and Milk Samples Using Yttrium (III) and Cationic Surfactant. Talanta, 84(5), 1401–1409.
Thompsson, H. M., Waite, R. J., Wilkins, S., Brown, M. A., Bigwood, T., Shaw, M., … Sharman, M. (2006). Field Trial of Honey Bee Colonies Bred for Mechanisms of Resistance Against Varroa Destructor. Apidologie, 37, 51–57.
Tobiszewski, M., Marć, M., Gałuszka, A., & Namieśnik, J. (2015). Green Chemistry Metrics with Special Reference to Green Analytical Chemistry. Molecules, 20(6), 10928–10946.
Valério, P. P. (2012). Desenvolvimento e Validação de Método Analítico para a Determinação de Resíduos de Cloranfenicol em Pescado por CLAE-ESI/EM/EM, Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade Federal de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil.
Vass, M., Hruska, K., & Franek, M. (2008). Nitrofuran Antibiotics: A Review on the Application, Prohibition and Residual Analysis. Veterinarni Medicina, 53(9), 469–500.
Von Eyken, A., Furlong, D., Arooni, S., Butterworth, F., Roy, J.-F., Zweigenbaum, J., & Bayen, S. (2019). Direct Injection High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Data Independent Acquisition Mass Spectrometry for the Screening of Antibiotics in Honey. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 27(3), 679–691.
Wang, J., Yang, H., Zeng, Y., Wu, L., Li, R., Yuan, Y., & Qian, M. (2018). Measuring the Antibiotics and Pesticides in Honeys by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Journal of ZheJIang University, 45(3), 330–342.
Wang, Y., Ji, S., Zhang, F., Zhang, F., Yang, B., & Liang, X. (2015). A Polyvinyl Alcohol-Functionalized Sorbent for Extraction and Determination of Aminoglycoside Antibiotics in Honey. Journal of Chromatography A, 1403, 32–36.
Zhang, Y., Li, X. Q., Li, H. M., Zhang, Q. H., Gao, Y., & Li, X. J. (2019). Antibiotic Residues in Honey: A Review on Analytical Methods by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 110, 344–356.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Clara Mariana Gonçalves Lima; Flávia Michelon Dalla Nora; Siluana Katia Tischer Seraglio; Jiuliane Martins da Silva; Hercules José Marzoque; Renata Ferreira Santana; Silvani Verruck; Vildes Maria Scussel
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
