Producción de biodiesel utilizando cosolventes: una revisión
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i1.1672Palabras clave:
Transesterificación; Ésteres de ácidos grasos; Variables del proceso.Resumen
El biodiesel es un biocombustible renovable y biodegradable, generalmente obtenido atraves de la transesterificación de materiales grasos. Debido a su importancia en la diversificación de la matriz energética de los países, se han realizado varias investigaciones para mejorar su proceso productivo. Una de las tecnologías desarrolladas es el uso de cosolventes en el proceso. Los cosolventes disminuyen la resistencia de transferencia de masa entre el aceite y el alcohol durante la reacción química. En este artículo, presentamos una revisión de la literatura sobre la producción de biodiesel utilizando cosolventes. La investigación reune un compendio de información sobre varios trabajos relevantes, con el fin de mostrar los avances de investigación, de las sustancias más utilizadas como cosolventes y las condiciones de las variables del proceso que dan como resultado altos rendimientos de ésteres. En la catálisis básica homogénea de aceites vegetales, el hidróxido de potasio es el catalizador más utilizado. Su rango de aplicación generalmente varía de 0,5% a 1,8% con respecto a la masa de aceite. El tiempo de reacción puede variar de 10 minutos a 2 horas, la temperatura de 25 °C a 100 °C, la relación molar de alcohol a aceite de 3:1 a 12:1 y la cantidad de cosolvente hasta 30% (p/p), o en algunos casos, hasta una proporción molar de 0,7:1 de cosolvente a alcohol.
Citas
Abbaszaadeh, A., Ghobadian, B., Omidkhah, M. R., & Najafi, G. (2012). Current biodiesel production technologies: a comparative review. Energy Conversion and Management, 63, 138-148.
Alhassan, Y., Kumar, N., Bugaje, I. M., Pali, H. S., & Kathkar, P. (2014). Co-solvents transesterification of cotton seed oil into biodiesel: effects of reaction conditions on quality of fatty acids methyl esters. Energy conversion and management, 84, 640-648.
Anuar, M. R., & Abdullah, A. Z. (2016). Challenges in biodiesel industry with regards to feedstock, environmental, social and sustainability issues: a critical review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 58, 208-223.
Araújo, C. D. M., de Andrade, C. C., e Silva, E. D. S., & Dupas, F. A. (2013). Biodiesel production from used cooking oil: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 27, 445-452.
Atabani, A. E., Silitonga, A. S., Badruddin, I. A., Mahlia, T. M. I., Masjuki, H. H., & Mekhilef, S. (2012). A comprehensive review on biodiesel as an alternative energy resource and its characteristics. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 16(4), 2070-2093.
Atadashi, I. M., Aroua, M. K., Aziz, A. A., & Sulaiman, N. M. N. (2012). The effects of water on biodiesel production and refining technologies: A review. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 16(5), 3456-3470.
Ataya, F., Dube, M. A., & Ternan, M. (2006). Single-phase and two-phase base-catalyzed transesterification of canola oil to fatty acid methyl esters at ambient conditions. Industrial & engineering chemistry research, 45(15), 5411-5417.
Babaki, M., Yousefi, M., Habibi, Z., Mohammadi, M., & Brask, J. (2015). Effect of water, organic solvent and adsorbent contents on production of biodiesel fuel from canola oil catalyzed by various lipases immobilized on epoxy-functionalized silica as low cost biocatalyst. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, 120, 93-99.
Balat, M. (2009). Biodiesel fuel from triglycerides via transesterification—a review. Energy Sources, Part A, 31(14), 1300-1314.
Barekati-Goudarzi, M., Boldor, D., & Nde, D. B. (2016). In-situ transesterification of seeds of invasive Chinese tallow trees (Triadica sebifera L.) in a microwave batch system (GREEN3) using hexane as co-solvent: Biodiesel production and process optimization. Bioresource technology, 201, 97-104.
Boocock, D. G., Konar, S. K., Mao, V., & Sidi, H. (1996). Fast one-phase oil-rich processes for the preparation of vegetable oil methyl esters. Biomass and Bioenergy, 11(1), 43-50.
Brennan, L., & Owende, P. (2010). Biofuels from microalgae—a review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 14(2), 557-577.
Casas, A., Fernández, C. M., Ramos, M. J., Pérez, Á., & Rodríguez, J. F. (2010). Optimization of the reaction parameters for fast pseudo single-phase transesterification of sunflower oil. Fuel, 89(3), 650-658.
Chattopadhyay, S., & Sen, R. (2013). Fuel properties, engine performance and environmental benefits of biodiesel produced by a green process. Applied energy, 105, 319-326.
Choi, O. K., Song, J. S., Cha, D. K., & Lee, J. W. (2014). Biodiesel production from wet municipal sludge: Evaluation of in situ transesterification using xylene as a cosolvent. Bioresource technology, 166, 51-56.
Chueluecha, N., Kaewchada, A., & Jaree, A. (2017). Enhancement of biodiesel synthesis using co-solvent in a packed-microchannel. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 51, 162-171.
Dagostin, J. L. A., Carpiné, D., & Corazza, M. L. (2015). Extraction of soybean oil using ethanol and mixtures with alkyl esters (biodiesel) as co-solvent: kinetics and thermodynamics. Industrial Crops and Products, 74, 69-75.
Encinar, J. M., Pardal, A., & Martínez, G. (2012). Transesterification of rapeseed oil in subcritical methanol conditions. Fuel processing technology, 94(1), 40-46.
Encinar, J. M., Pardal, A., & Sánchez, N. (2016). An improvement to the transesterification process by the use of co-solvents to produce biodiesel. Fuel, 166, 51-58.
Enweremadu, C. C., & Mbarawa, M. M. (2009). Technical aspects of production and analysis of biodiesel from used cooking oil—A review. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 13(9), 2205-2224.
Escobar, E. C., Demafelis, R. B., Pham, L. J., Florece, L. M., & Borines, M. G. (2008). Biodiesel Production from Jatropha curcas L. Oil by Transesterification. Philippine Journal of Crop Science (PJCS), 33(3), 1-13.
Fadhil, A. B., & Abdulahad, W. S. (2014). Transesterification of mustard (Brassica nigra) seed oil with ethanol: purification of the crude ethyl ester with activated carbon produced from de-oiled cake. Energy conversion and management, 77, 495-503.
Fadhil, A. B., Al-Tikrity, E. T., & Albadree, M. A. (2015). Transesterification of a novel feedstock, Cyprinus carpio fish oil: Influence of co-solvent and characterization of biodiesel. Fuel, 162, 215-223.
Ferella, F., Di Celso, G. M., De Michelis, I., Stanisci, V., & Vegliò, F. (2010). Optimization of the transesterification reaction in biodiesel production. Fuel, 89(1), 36-42.
Feyzi, M., Hassankhani, A., & Rafiee, H. R. (2013). Preparation and characterization of Cs/Al/Fe3O4 nanocatalysts for biodiesel production. Energy conversion and management, 71, 62-68.
Fukuda, H., Kondo, A., & Noda, H. (2001). Biodiesel fuel production by transesterification of oils. Journal of bioscience and bioengineering, 92(5), 405-416.
Guan, G., Kusakabe, K., Sakurai, N., & Moriyama, K. (2009). Transesterification of vegetable oil to biodiesel fuel using acid catalysts in the presence of dimethyl ether. Fuel, 88(1), 81-86.
Guan, G., Sakurai, N., & Kusakabe, K. (2009). Synthesis of biodiesel from sunflower oil at room temperature in the presence of various cosolvents. Chemical Engineering Journal, 146(2), 302-306.
Guan, Q., Shang, H., Liu, J., Gu, J., Li, B., Miao, R., & Ning, P. (2016). Biodiesel from transesterification at low temperature by AlCl3 catalysis in ethanol and carbon dioxide as cosolvent: Process, mechanism and application. Applied energy, 164, 380-386.
Haas, M. J., Scott, K. M., Foglia, T. A., & Marmer, W. N. (2007). The general applicability of in situ transesterification for the production of fatty acid esters from a variety of feedstocks. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 84(10), 963-970.
Han, H., Cao, W., & Zhang, J. (2005). Preparation of biodiesel from soybean oil using supercritical methanol and CO2 as co-solvent. Process Biochemistry, 40(9), 3148-3151.
Hancsók, J., Kovács, F., & Krár, M. (2004). Production of vegetable oil fatty acid methyl esters from used frying oil by combined acidic/alkali transesterification. Petrol. Coal, 46(3), 36-44.
Helwani, Z., Othman, M. R., Aziz, N., Fernando, W. J. N., & Kim, J. (2009). Technologies for production of biodiesel focusing on green catalytic techniques: a review. Fuel Processing Technology, 90(12), 1502-1514.
Karmee, S. K., & Chadha, A. (2005). Preparation of biodiesel from crude oil of Pongamia pinnata. Bioresource technology, 96(13), 1425-1429.
Khan, Y., Yamsaengsung, R., Chetpattananondh, P., & Khongnakorn, W. (2015). Treatment of wastewater from biodiesel plants using microbiological reactor technology. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 12(1), 297-306.
Kumar, G. R., Ravi, R., & Chadha, A. (2011). Kinetic studies of base-catalyzed transesterification reactions of non-edible oils to prepare biodiesel: the effect of co-solvent and temperature. Energy & Fuels, 25(7), 2826-2832.
Lam, M. K., & Lee, K. T. (2013). Catalytic transesterification of high viscosity crude microalgae lipid to biodiesel: Effect of co-solvent. Fuel Processing Technology, 110, 242-248.
Leung, D. Y., Wu, X., & Leung, M. K. H. (2010). A review on biodiesel production using catalyzed transesterification. Applied energy, 87(4), 1083-1095.
Li, Y., Qiu, F., Yang, D., Sun, P., & Li, X. (2012). Transesterification of soybean oil and analysis of bioproduct. Food and bioproducts processing, 90(2), 135-140.
Lim, S., & Lee, K. T. (2013). Influences of different co-solvents in simultaneous supercritical extraction and transesterification of Jatropha curcas L. seeds for the production of biodiesel. Chemical engineering journal, 221, 436-445.
Lim, S., & Teong, L. K. (2010). Recent trends, opportunities and challenges of biodiesel in Malaysia: an overview. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(3), 938-954.
Lotero, E., Liu, Y., Lopez, D. E., Suwannakarn, K., Bruce, D. A., & Goodwin, J. G. (2005). Synthesis of biodiesel via acid catalysis. Industrial & engineering chemistry research, 44(14), 5353-5363.
Luu, P. D., Takenaka, N., Van Luu, B., Pham, L. N., Imamura, K., & Maeda, Y. (2014). Co-solvent method produce biodiesel form waste cooking oil with small pilot plant. Energy Procedia, 61, 2822-2832.
Luu, P. D., Truong, H. T., Van Luu, B., Pham, L. N., Imamura, K., Takenaka, N., & Maeda, Y. (2014). Production of biodiesel from Vietnamese Jatropha curcas oil by a co-solvent method. Bioresource technology, 173, 309-316.
Ma, F., & Hanna, M. A. (1999). Biodiesel production: a review. Bioresource technology, 70(1), 1-15.
Ma, F., Clements, L. D., & Hanna, M. A. (1998). Biodiesel fuel from animal fat. Ancillary studies on transesterification of beef tallow. Industrial & engineering chemistry research, 37(9), 3768-3771.
Marchetti, J. M., Miguel, V. U., & Errazu, A. F. (2007). Possible methods for biodiesel production. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 11(6), 1300-1311.
Martinot, E. (2006). Renewable energy gains momentum: Global markets and policies in the spotlight. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 48(6), 26-43.
Meher, L. C., Sagar, D. V., & Naik, S. N. (2006). Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification—a review. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 10(3), 248-268.
Mohammed-Dabo, I. A., Ahmad, M. S., Hamza, A., Muazu, K., & Aliyu, A. (2012). Cosolvent transesterification of Jatropha curcas seed oil. Journal of Petroleum Technology and Alternative Fuels, 3(4), 42-51.
Murugesan, A., Umarani, C., Subramanian, R., & Nedunchezhian, N. (2009). Bio-diesel as an alternative fuel for diesel engines—a review. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 13(3), 653-662.
Mwangi, J. K., Lee, W. J., Chang, Y. C., Chen, C. Y., & Wang, L. C. (2015). An overview: Energy saving and pollution reduction by using green fuel blends in diesel engines. Applied Energy, 159, 214-236.
Okitsu, K., Sadanaga, Y., Takenaka, N., Maeda, Y., & Bandow, H. (2013). A new co-solvent method for the green production of biodiesel fuel–optimization and practical application. Fuel, 103, 742-748.
Oliveira Lima, J. R., Ghani, Y. A., da Silva, R. B., Batista, F. M. C., Bini, R. A., Varanda, L. C., & de Oliveira, J. E. (2012). Strontium zirconate heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production: Synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity evaluation. Applied Catalysis A: General, 445, 76-82.
Osmieri, L., Esfahani, R. A. M., & Recasens, F. (2017). Continuous biodiesel production in supercritical two-step process: phase equilibrium and process design. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 124, 57-71.
Pardal, A. C., Encinar, J. M., González, J. F., & Martínez, G. (2010). Transesterification of rapeseed oil with methanol in the presence of various co-solvents. In: Proc Venice 2010 third int symp energy from biomass waste Venice Italy, Venice; 2010.
Parida, S., Sahu, D. K., & Misra, P. K. (2017). Optimization of transesterification process by the application of ultrasound energy coupled with diesel as cosolvent. Journal of the Energy Institute, 90(4), 556-562.
Patil, P. D., Gude, V. G., Mannarswamy, A., Cooke, P., Munson-McGee, S., Nirmalakhandan, N., ... & Deng, S. (2011). Optimization of microwave-assisted transesterification of dry algal biomass using response surface methodology. Bioresource Technology, 102(2), 1399-1405.
Peters, J., & Thielmann, S. (2008). Promoting biofuels: Implications for developing countries. Energy policy, 36(4), 1538-1544.
Qiu, F., Li, Y., Yang, D., Li, X., & Sun, P. (2011). Biodiesel production from mixed soybean oil and rapeseed oil. Applied Energy, 88(6), 2050-2055.
Qiu, Z., Zhao, L., & Weatherley, L. (2010). Process intensification technologies in continuous biodiesel production. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 49(4), 323-330.
Rabu, R. A., Janajreh, I., & Honnery, D. (2013). Transesterification of waste cooking oil: process optimization and conversion rate evaluation. Energy Conversion and Management, 65, 764-769.
Rahimi, M., Mohammadi, F., Basiri, M., Parsamoghadam, M. A., & Masahi, M. M. (2016). Transesterification of soybean oil in four-way micromixers for biodiesel production using a cosolvent. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 64, 203-210.
Religia, P., & Wijanarko, A. (2015). Utilization of n-hexane as co-solvent to increase biodiesel yield on direct transesterification reaction from marine microalgae. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 23, 412-420.
Roschat, W., Siritanon, T., Kaewpuang, T., Yoosuk, B., & Promarak, V. (2016). Economical and green biodiesel production process using river snail shells-derived heterogeneous catalyst and co-solvent method. Bioresource technology, 209, 343-350.
Sadeghinezhad, E., Kazi, S. N., Badarudin, A., Oon, C. S., Zubir, M. N. M., & Mehrali, M. (2013). A comprehensive review of bio-diesel as alternative fuel for compression ignition engines. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28, 410-424.
Santori, G., Di Nicola, G., Moglie, M., & Polonara, F. (2012). A review analyzing the industrial biodiesel production practice starting from vegetable oil refining. Applied energy, 92, 109-132.
Singh, V., Yadav, M., & Sharma, Y. C. (2017). Effect of co-solvent on biodiesel production using calcium aluminium oxide as a reusable catalyst and waste vegetable oil. Fuel, 203, 360-369.
Stojković, I. J., Stamenković, O. S., Povrenović, D. S., & Veljković, V. B. (2014). Purification technologies for crude biodiesel obtained by alkali-catalyzed transesterification. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 32, 1-15.
Takase, M., Zhang, M., Feng, W., Chen, Y., Zhao, T., Cobbina, S. J., ... & Wu, X. (2014). Application of zirconia modified with KOH as heterogeneous solid base catalyst to new non-edible oil for biodiesel. Energy conversion and management, 80, 117-125.
Thanh, L. T., Okitsu, K., Boi, L. V., & Maeda, Y. (2012). Catalytic technologies for biodiesel fuel production and utilization of glycerol: a review. Catalysts, 2(1), 191-222.
Veljković, V. B., Stamenković, O. S., & Tasić, M. B. (2014). The wastewater treatment in the biodiesel production with alkali-catalyzed transesterification. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 32, 40-60.
Vyas, A. P., Verma, J. L., & Subrahmanyam, N. (2010). A review on FAME production processes. Fuel, 89(1), 1-9.
Wassell Jr, C. S., & Dittmer, T. P. (2006). Are subsidies for biodiesel economically efficient?. Energy Policy, 34(18), 3993-4001.
Wu, L., Huang, K., Wei, T., Lin, Z., Zou, Y., & Tong, Z. (2016). Process intensification of NaOH-catalyzed transesterification for biodiesel production by the use of bentonite and co-solvent (diethyl ether). Fuel, 186, 597-604.
Yuan, W., Hansen, A. C., & Zhang, Q. (2005). Vapor pressure and normal boiling point predictions for pure methyl esters and biodiesel fuels. Fuel, 84(7-8), 943-950.
Zhang, L., Jin, Q., Zhang, K., Huang, J., & Wang, X. (2012). The optimization of conversion of waste edible oil to fatty acid methyl esters in homogeneous media. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 34(8), 711-719.
Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Zhang, X., & Tan, T. (2015). Biodiesel production by direct transesterification of microalgal biomass with co-solvent. Bioresource technology, 196, 712-715.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Los autores que publican en esta revista concuerdan con los siguientes términos:
1) Los autores mantienen los derechos de autor y conceden a la revista el derecho de primera publicación, con el trabajo simultáneamente licenciado bajo la Licencia Creative Commons Attribution que permite el compartir el trabajo con reconocimiento de la autoría y publicación inicial en esta revista.
2) Los autores tienen autorización para asumir contratos adicionales por separado, para distribución no exclusiva de la versión del trabajo publicada en esta revista (por ejemplo, publicar en repositorio institucional o como capítulo de libro), con reconocimiento de autoría y publicación inicial en esta revista.
3) Los autores tienen permiso y son estimulados a publicar y distribuir su trabajo en línea (por ejemplo, en repositorios institucionales o en su página personal) a cualquier punto antes o durante el proceso editorial, ya que esto puede generar cambios productivos, así como aumentar el impacto y la cita del trabajo publicado.
