Evaluación de la calidad del agua y los sedimentos alrededor del emisario submarino costero de aguas residuales en Guarujá, São Paulo, Brasil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i12.20389Palabras clave:
Zona subtropical; Tratamiento de desechos; Vertimiento en el océano; Ecología marina; Efectos de la contaminación.Resumen
La descarga de aguas residuales domésticas es uno de los tipos más comunes de contaminación marina, a saber, a través de emisarios submarinos. En este estudio, el agua y los sedimentos del emisario submarino costero de aguas residuales en Guarujá, São Paulo, Brasil, fueron relevados durante las temporadas alta (enero) y baja (abril) turística en 2018. El Consejo Canadiense de Ministros del Índice de Calidad Ambiental del Agua (CCMEWQI) mostró una calidad de agua "marginal", en ambas temporadas, donde el oxígeno disuelto, la demanda bioquímica de oxígeno, aceites y grasas, amoníaco, surfactantes, aluminio, plomo, cobre, níquel, Escherichia coliy, y Enterococci presentaron riesgos ecológicos potenciales. Sin embargo, no se detectó potencial mutagénico en la mezcla compleja (prueba de Ames Salmonella/microsoma: MI <2), y no se encontraron protozoos ni bacterias Salmonella. En el sedimento, se inventariaron un total de 25 taxones bentónicos, lo que indica que la macrofauna no está bajo estrés de contaminación. El cadmio, el plomo, el cobre, el cromo, el níquel y el zinc estaban por debajo del nivel de efecto umbral y el índice de geoacumulación era <0. Además, la ausencia de toxicidad aguda para el organismo de prueba Kalliapseudes schubartii (EC50: 96h) y el índice de diversidad de Shannon-Wiener (H’: 2.5 a 3.5 bits/ ind) sugiere ambientes saludables o no contaminados. Sin embargo, la desviación de algunos indicadores ambientales sugiere la necesidad de un monitoreo continúo basado en mediciones de campo.
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