Biosurfactante lipopeptídico multifuncional, estable y de bajo costo producido por Enterobacter cloacae UCP 1597
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i15.36353Palabras clave:
Surfactante aniónico; Inductor de germinación; Lipopéptido; No tóxico; Fitotoxicidad.Resumen
La Caatinga de Pernambuco es un área con una riqueza potencial de microorganismos productores de biosurfactantes, que se consideran buenos candidatos para reemplazar los surfactantes sintéticos en aplicaciones industriales debido a su estabilidad funcional y baja toxicidad. En este contexto, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la producción de biosurfactantes por la bacteria Enterobacter cloacae UCP 1597, aislada del suelo de Caatinga. La primera fermentación se llevó a cabo en matraces Erlenmeyer que contenían 100 ml de medio, según un diseño factorial completo de 2³. Los resultados mostraron una mayor reducción de la tensión superficial (28,3 mN/m) en la condición 2 del diseño, donde también se verificó una dispersión de 38,46 cm2 de aceite de motor quemado. Luego, se realizó una segunda fermentación en matraces Fernbach, conteniendo 2 L de medio seleccionado, comprobándose reducción de la tensión superficial e interfacial a 30,5 y 2,3 mN/m, respectivamente, así como excelentes propiedades emulsionantes. Se determinó la dilución micelar crítica del biosurfactante crudo (70%) y su uso en ensayos de fitotoxicidad verificó la ausencia de toxicidad para las semillas de col. La biomolécula mostró un alto rendimiento (13,69 g/L) después de la extracción con acetato de etilo y naturaleza aniónica y lipopeptídica. La estabilidad en pH ácido, elevada temperatura y salinidad, mostró un biocompuesto ácido-resistente, termoestable y halotolerante. Así, este lipopéptido demostró ser un biosurfactante multifuncional, ya que no solo posee excelentes propiedades tensioactivas, sino que también es un buen emulsionante, dispersante, y potente agente para la germinación de semillas de col. De ahí que se sugiera su prometedora aplicación en actividades industriales o procesos ambientales bajo condiciones adversas.
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