Uso de cafeína para el manejo de la apneia del prematuro

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v13i5.45785

Palabras clave:

Apnea del prematuro; Cafeína; Tratamiento primario; Recien nacido prematuro.

Resumen

Introducción: La apnea del prematuro es un diagnóstico común en las unidades de cuidados intensivos neonatales, especialmente en pacientes prematuros menores de 35 semanas o pacientes nacidos con bajo peso al nacer (<1500g). Desde esta perspectiva, el uso de citrato de cafeína tiene beneficios a corto y largo plazo en esta patología, además de reducir la incidencia de complicaciones. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura utilizando la base de datos PUBMED, utilizando las siguientes palabras clave: “Apnea Prematurity”, “Caffeine” y “Treatment”, con un filtro de 6 años, analizando 164 artículos, de los cuales solo 34 fueron incluidos y 130 excluidos. Resultados y Discusión: La apnea del prematuro es una patología común en los recién nacidos prematuros y extremadamente prematuros, con una incidencia del 10% de los recién nacidos después de las 34 semanas y del 20-85% de los recién nacidos entre las 30-34 semanas. La fisiopatología de la enfermedad se explica por la inmadurez del sistema nervioso central para mantener el impulso respiratorio, además de la alteración de la sensibilidad en respuesta a los quimiorreceptores y la dificultad para mantener el sueño REM, además de las pérdidas crónicas inherentes a la hipoxia crónica. Las metilxantinas, ingrediente activo de la cafeína, tienen el mecanismo de activación de inhibición de los receptores de adenosina A1 y A2 acoplados a la proteína G. La dosis inicial recomendada para el tratamiento es de 10 mg/kg para la apnea del prematuro, pero debe controlarse con concentraciones séricas. niveles del medicamento a un rango terapéutico seguro, además de monitorear los efectos secundarios en vista del deterioro clínico del paciente. Los principales signos de efectos secundarios del uso de cafeína son taquicardia, hiperglucemia, reducción de la tasa de crecimiento, ictericia, irritabilidad, agitación y convulsiones. Conclusión: La apnea del prematuro es una patología muy prevalente en los recién nacidos prematuros y se debe tener en cuenta su posibilidad terapéutica ante sus posibles complicaciones a corto y largo plazo, ya que el uso de metilxantinas tiene diferentes evidencias de mejoría clínica.

Citas

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Publicado

21/05/2024

Cómo citar

JUCÁ NETO, J. de R. B. .; BRASIL, L. F. .; MENDONÇA, L. M. de .; MAPURUNGA, T. R. .; SOUZA, E. C. de .; MORAIS, P. I. .; MAPURUNGA, Ângela R. . Uso de cafeína para el manejo de la apneia del prematuro. Research, Society and Development, [S. l.], v. 13, n. 5, p. e8713545785, 2024. DOI: 10.33448/rsd-v13i5.45785. Disponível em: https://rsdjournal.org/index.php/rsd/article/view/45785. Acesso em: 30 jun. 2024.

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Ciencias de la salud