Aspectos anatômicos e clínicos da síndrome braquicefálica: revisão de literatura
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i13.21221Palavras-chave:
Estenose de narinas; Prolongamento de palato mole; Obstrução de vias aéreas.Resumo
A grande popularidade dos cães braquicefálicos entre os tutores levou à necessidade de um maior conhecimento por parte dos médicos veterinários das doenças características dessas raças. Chamam a atenção, principalmente, as modificações relacionadas às vias aéreas anteriores, que sofreram grandes alterações e predispõem ao desenvolvimento de uma grave doença multissistêmica conhecida como síndrome dos cães braquicefálicos (SB) ou síndrome respiratória obstrutiva dos braquicéfalos (SROB). O estudo ora conduzido tem por objetivo apresentar uma revisão evidenciando os aspectos clínicos e anatômicos da SB visto a importância desta doença na clínica médica e cirúrgica de pequenos animais. Podendo desta forma concluir que o reconhecimento precoce das alterações anatômicas obstrutivas que caracterizam a síndrome braquicefálica pelo médico veterinário é de extrema importância para a pronta instituição do tratamento possibilitando melhores resultados e assim melhor qualidade de vida para o animal.
Referências
Allen, D. G. & Mackin. A. (2001). Cor pulmonale. In: Tilley, L. P. & Goodwin, J. K (Eds.). Manual of Canine and Feline Cardiology. 3rd ed., Philadelphia, Saunders, 197-214.
Auger, M., Alexander, K., Beauchamp, G., & Dunn, M. (2016). Use of CT to evaluate and compare intranasal features in brachycephalic and normocephalic dogs. The Journal of small animal practice, 57(10), 529–536. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.12541
Bowlt, K., & Moore, A. H. (2009). Surgery of the upper respiratory tract Part 2: Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS). UK Vet Companion Animal, 14(8), 19-26.
Bruchim, Y., Segev, G., Kelmer, E., Codner, C., Marisat, A., & Horowitz, M. (2016). Hospitalized dogs recovery from naturally occurring heatstroke; does serum heat shock protein 72 can provide prognostic biomarker? Cell stress & chaperones, 21(1), 123–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12192-015-0645-5
Bruchim, Y., Horowitz, M., & Aroch, I. (2017). Pathophysiology of heatstroke in dogs–revisited. Temperature, 4(4), 356-370. https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2017.1367457
Caccamo, R., Buracco, P., La Rosa, G., Cantatore, M., & Romussi, S. (2014). Glottic and skull indices in canine brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome. BMC veterinary research, 10(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-10-12
Camacho, A. A. (2006). Brachycephalic airway syndrome. ANAIS 6th Paulista Congress of Small Animal Veterinary Clinics.
Cantatore, M., Gobbetti, M., Romussi, S., Brambilla, G., Stefanello, D., Giudice, C., & Grieco, V. (2012). Medium term endoscopic assessment of the surgical outcome following laryngeal saccule resection in brachycephalic dogs. Veterinary Record, 170(20), 518-518. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.100289
Coppola, D. M., Craven, B. A., Seeger, J., & Weiler, E. (2014). The effects of naris occlusion on mouse nasal turbinate development. Journal of Experimental Biology, 217(12), 2044-2052.
Crosse, K. R., Bray, J. P., Orbell, G. M. B., & Preston, C. A. (2015). Histological evaluation of the soft palate in dogs affected by brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 63(6), 319-325. https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2015.1061464
Dupré, G., & Heidenreich, D. (2016). Brachycephalic Syndrome. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice, 46(4), 691–707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.02.002
Eivers, C., Chicon Rueda, R., Liuti, T., & Salavati Schmitz, S. (2019). Retrospective analysis of esophageal imaging features in brachycephalic versus non‐brachycephalic dogs based on videofluoroscopic swallowing studies. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 33(4), 1740-1746.
Emmerson T. (2014). Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome: a growing problem. The Journal of small animal practice, 55(11), 543–544. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.12286
Fasanella, F. J., Shivley, J. M., Wardlaw, J. L., & Givaruangsawat, S. (2010). Brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome in dogs: 90 cases (1991-2008). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 237(9), 1048–1051. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.237.9.1048
Fenner, J. V., Quinn, R. J., & Demetriou, J. L. (2020). Postoperative regurgitation in dogs after upper airway surgery to treat brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome: 258 cases (2013‐2017). Veterinary Surgery, 49(1), 53-60. https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.13297
Geiger, M., & Haussman, S. (2016). Cranial suture closure in domestic dog breeds and its relationships to skull morphology. The Anatomical Record, 299(4), 412-420.https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23313
Gianella, P., Caccamo, R., Bellino, C., Bottero, E., Fietta, F., Roncone, S., Ostanello, F., Pietra, M. & Buracco, P. (2019). Evaluation of metabolic profile and C‐reactive protein concentrations in brachycephalic dogs with upper airway obstructive syndrome. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 33(5), 2183-2192. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15575
Gonzaga, C., Bertolami, A., Bertolami, M., Amodeo, C., & Calhoun, D. (2015). Obstructive sleep apnea, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Journal of human hypertension, 29(12), 705-712.
Haimel, G., & Dupré, G. (2015). Brachycephalic airway syndrome: a comparative study between pugs and French bulldogs. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 56(12), 714-719. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.12408
Heidenreich, D., Gradner, G., Kneissl, S., & Dupré, G. (2016). Nasopharyngeal dimensions from computed tomography of pugs and French bulldogs with brachycephalic airway syndrome. Veterinary Surgery, 45(1), 83-90. https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.12418
Hoareau, G. L., Jourdan, G., Mellema, M., & Verwaerde, P. (2012). Evaluation of arterial blood gases and arterial blood pressures in brachycephalic dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 26(4), 897-904.
Hoareau, G., & Mellema, M. (2015). Pro‐coagulant thromboelastographic features in the bulldog. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 56(2), 103-107.
Hoffman, A. M. (2007). Airway physiology and clinical function testing. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 37(5), 829-843.
Hostnik, E. T., Scansen, B. A., Zielinski, R., & Ghadiali, S. N. (2017). Quantification of nasal airflow resistance in English bulldogs using computed tomography and computational fluid dynamics. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 58(5), 542-551.
Ingman, J., Näslund, V., & Hansson, K. (2014). Comparison between tracheal ratio methods used by three observers at three occasions in English Bulldogs. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 56(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13028-014-0079-6
Johnson, L. R. (2016). Laryngeal structure and function in dogs with cough. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 249(2), 195-201. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.249.2.195
Kaye, B. M., Boroffka, S. A., Haagsman, A. N., & Haar, G. T. (2015). Computed tomographic, radiographic, and endoscopic tracheal dimensions in English bulldogs with Grade 1 clinical signs of brachycephalic airway syndrome. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 56(6), 609-616. https://doi.org/10.1111/vru.12277
Kellihan, H. B., & Stepien, R. L. (2010). Pulmonary hypertension in dogs: diagnosis and therapy. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, 40(4), 623-641.
Kim, Y. J., Lee, N., Yu, J., Lee, H., An, G., Bang, S., Chang, J. & Chang, D. (2018). Three-dimensional volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis of the soft palate and nasopharynx in brachycephalic and non-brachycephalic dog breeds. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 17-0711. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.17-0711
Koch, D. A., Arnold, S., Hubler, M., & Montavon, P. M. (2003). Brachycephalic syndrome in dogs. Compendium On Continuing Education For The Practising Veterinarian - North American Edition, 25(1), 48-55.
Komsta, R., Osiński, Z., Dębiak, P., Twardowski, P., & Lisiak, B. (2019). Prevalence of pectus excavatum (PE), pectus carinatum (PC), tracheal hypoplasia, thoracic spine deformities and lateral heart displacement in thoracic radiographs of screw-tailed brachycephalic dogs. Plos one, 14(10). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223642
Ladlow, J., Liu, N. C., Kalmar, L., & Sargan, D. (2018). Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome. Veterinary Record, 182(13), 375-378. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.k1403
Lapa, M. S., Ferreira, E. V. M., Jardim, C., Martins, B. D. C. D. S., Arakaki, J. S. O., & Souza, R. (2006). Características clínicas dos pacientes com hipertensão pulmonar em dois centros de referência em São Paulo. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira, 52, 139-143. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-42302006000300012
Liu, N. C., Sargan, D. R., Adams, V. J., & Ladlow, J. F. (2015). Characterisation of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome in French bulldogs using whole-body barometric plethysmography. PLoS One, 10(6), e0130741. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0130741
Liu, N. C., Troconis, E. L., Kalmar, L., Price, D. J., Wright, H. E., Adams, V. J., Sargan, D. R., & Ladlow, J. F. (2017). Conformational risk factors of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) in pugs, French bulldogs, and bulldogs. PloS one, 12(8), e0181928. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181928
Liu, N. C., Oechtering, G. U., Adams, V. J., Kalmar, L., Sargan, D. R., & Ladlow, J. F. (2017). Outcomes and prognostic factors of surgical treatments for brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome in 3 breeds. Veterinary Surgery, 46(2), 271-280.https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.12608
Mendes Junior, A., Silva, G. S., Soares, A. M., & Almosny, N. R. (2017). Percepção de tutores quanto aos sinais clínicos em cães braquicefálicos portadores de estenose de narina. Enciclopédia Biosfera, 14(26).
Meola, S. D. (2013). Brachycephalic airway syndrome. Topics in companion animal medicine, 28(3), 91-96.
O’Neill, D. G., Jackson, C., Guy, J. H., Church, D. B., McGreevy, P. D., Thomson, P. C., & Brodbelt, D. C. (2015). Epidemiological associations between brachycephaly and upper respiratory tract disorders in dogs attending veterinary practices in England. Canine genetics and epidemiology, 2(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-015-0023-8
Oechtering, G. (2010). Síndrome braquicefálica: novas informações sobre uma antiga doença congênita. Veterinary Focus, 20(2), 10-18.
Oechtering, G. U., Pohl, S., Schlueter, C., & Schuenemann, R. (2016). A Novel Approach to Brachycephalic Syndrome. 2. Laser-Assisted Turbinectomy (LATE). Veterinary surgery: VS, 45(2), 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.12447
Oechtering, G. U., Pohl, S., Schlueter, C., Lippert, J. P., Alef, M., Kiefer, I., & Schuenemann, R. (2016). A novel approach to brachycephalic syndrome. 1. Evaluation of anatomical intranasal airway obstruction. Veterinary Surgery, 45(2), 165-172.
Oechtering, G. U., Kiefer, I., & Noeller, C. (2008). Brachycephalic airway syndrome, part 1: A New Understanding – It is an intranasal problem. The North American Veterinary Conference, 1450-1451.
Oechtering, T. H., Oechtering, G. U., & Nöller, C. (2007). Structural characteristics of the nose in brachycephalic dog breeds analysed by computed tomography. Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere/Heimtiere, 35(03), 177-187. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1622615
Packer, R. M., & Tivers, M. S. (2015). Strategies for the management and prevention of conformation-related respiratory disorders in brachycephalic dogs. Veterinary medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 6, 219–232. https://doi.org/10.2147/VMRR.S60475
Packer, R. M., Hendricks, A., Tivers, M. S., & Burn, C. C. (2015). Impact of Facial Conformation on Canine Health: Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome. PloS one, 10(10), e0137496. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137496
Pichetto, M., Arrighi, S., Gobbetti, M., & Romussi, S. (2015). The anatomy of the dog soft palate. III. Histological evaluation of the caudal soft palate in brachycephalic neonates. The Anatomical Record, 298(3), 618-623. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23054
Pichetto, M., Arrighi, S., Roccabianca, P., & Romussi, S. (2011). The anatomy of the dog soft palate. II. Histological evaluation of the caudal soft palate in brachycephalic breeds with grade I brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome. The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology, 294(7), 1267-1272. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.21417
Planellas, M., Cuenca, R., Tabar, M. D., Bertolani, C., Poncet, C., Closa, J. M., Lorente, J., Cerón, J. J., & Pastor, J. (2012). Evaluation of C-reactive protein, haptoglobin and cardiac troponin 1 levels in brachycephalic dogs with upper airway obstructive syndrome. BMC veterinary research, 8, 152. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-8-152
Planellas, M., Cuenca, R., Tabar, M. D., Bertolani, C., Poncet, C., Closa, J. M., Lorente, J., Cerón, J. J., & Pastor, J. (2015). Clinical assessment and C-reactive protein (CRP), haptoglobin (Hp), and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) values of brachycephalic dogs with upper airway obstruction before and after surgery. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 79(1), 58-63.
Poncet, C. M., Dupre, G. P., Freiche, V. G., Estrada, M. M., Poubanne, Y. A., & Bouvy, B. M. (2005). Prevalence of gastrointestinal tract lesions in 73 brachycephalic dogs with upper respiratory syndrome. The Journal of small animal practice, 46(6), 273–279. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2005.tb00320.x
Poncet, C. M., Dupre, G. P., Freiche, V. G., & Bouvy, B. M. (2006). Long-term results of upper respiratory syndrome surgery and gastrointestinal tract medical treatment in 51 brachycephalic dogs. The Journal of small animal practice, 47(3), 137–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2006.00057.x
Rich S., Braunwald E., & Grossman W. (1997). Pulmonary hypertension. In: Braunwald E. (editors). Heart disease. 5th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 780-806.
Roedler, F. S., Pohl, S., & Oechtering, G. U. (2013). How does severe brachycephaly affect dog's lives? Results of a structured preoperative owner questionnaire. Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997), 198(3), 606–610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.009
Santos Filho, M. dos; Hainfellner, D. C., Lemos, N. M. de O., Macambira, K. D. da S. M. B., Do Carmo, J. S., Alberigi, B. R. S. A. da S., Aben Athar, C. do V., Mendes Junior, A. F., da Veiga, C. C. P., Soares, A. M. B., Botteon, P. de T. L., Fernandes, J. I., & Paiva, J. P. (2021). Study of the heart rate variability in dogs with brachycephalic syndrome submitted to rhinoplasty surgery. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 42(1), e104919. https://doi.org/10.29374/10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm104920
Schmidt, M. J., Volk, H., Klingler, M., Failing, K., Kramer, M., & Ondreka, N. (2013). Comparison of closure times for cranial base synchondroses in mesaticephalic, brachycephalic, and cavalier king charles spaniel dogs. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 54(5), 497-503.
Schoenebeck, J. J., & Ostrander, E. A. (2013). The genetics of canine skull shape variation. Genetics, 193(2), 317–325. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.112.145284
Schuenemann, R., & Oechtering, G. (2014). Inside the brachycephalic nose: conchal regrowth and mucosal contact points after laser-assisted turbinectomy. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 50(4), 237-246.https://doi.org/10.5326/JAAHA-MS-6086
Seneviratne, M., Kaye, B. M., & Ter Haar, G. (2020). Prognostic indicators of short-term outcome in dogs undergoing surgery for brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome. The Veterinary record, 187(10), 403. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105624
Shales, C. (2014). Factors, diagnosis and treatment of BOAS in dogs. Vet. Times, (11).
Shaver, S. L., Barbur, L. A., Jimenez, D. A., Brainard, B. M., Cornell, K. K., Radlinsky, M. G., & Schmiedt, C. W. (2017). Evaluation of Gastroesophageal Reflux in Anesthetized Dogs with Brachycephalic Syndrome. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 53(1), 24–31. https://doi.org/10.5326/JAAHA-MS-6281
Sławuta, P., Nicpoń, J., & Domańska, S. (2011). Influence of the wing-of-the-nostrils correction procedure on the change of the acid-base balance parameters and oxygen concentration in the arterial blood in French bulldogs. Polish journal of veterinary sciences, 14(1), 77–80. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10181-011-0011-1
Sławuta, P., Glińska-Suchocka, K., & Cekiera, A. (2015). The use of elements of the Stewart model (Strong Ion Approach) for the diagnostics of respiratory acidosis on the basis of the calculation of a value of a modified anion gap (AGm) in brachycephalic dogs. Polish journal of veterinary sciences, 18(1), 217–222. https://doi.org/10.1515/pjvs-2015-0027
Tappin, S. W. (2016). Canine tracheal collapse. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 57(1), 9-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.12436
Torrez, C. V., & Hunt, G. B. (2006). Results of surgical correction of abnormalities associated with brachycephalic airway obstruction syndrome in dogs in Australia. The Journal of small animal practice, 47(3), 150–154. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2006.00059.x
Trappler, M., & Moore, K. (2011). Canine brachycephalic airway syndrome: surgical management. Compendium (Yardley, PA), 33(5), E1–E8.
Vilaplana Grosso, F., Haar, G. T., & Boroffka, S. A. (2015). Gender, weight, and age effects on prevalence of caudal aberrant nasal turbinates in clinically healthy english bulldogs: a computed tomographic study and classification. Veterinary radiology & ultrasound: the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association, 56(5), 486–493. https://doi.org/10.1111/vru.12249
Winter, R. L., Saunders, A. B., Gordon, S. G., Miller, M. W., Fosgate, G. T., Suchodolski, J. S., & Steiner, J. M. (2017). Biologic variability of cardiac troponin I in healthy dogs and dogs with different stages of myxomatous mitral valve disease using standard and high-sensitivity immunoassays. Veterinary clinical pathology, 46(2), 299–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12495
Yoon, H., Yu, J., An, G., Bang, S., Kwon, D., Kim, H., Lee, H., Chang, J. & Chang, D. (2020). CT and radiographic evaluation of bronchial collapsibility at forced expiration in asymptomatic brachycephalic dogs. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 61(2), 167-180.https://doi.org/10.1111/vru.12829
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2021 Aguinaldo Francisco Mendes Junior; Karina Ferreira Vaz; Bruna Maria Begami Sanches Tanaka ; Joyce Mergulhão de Araújo; Gabriele Barros Mothé; Ana Maria Barros Soares; Nádia Regina Pereira Almosny
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
1) Autores mantém os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
2) Autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada nesta revista (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
3) Autores têm permissão e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online (ex.: em repositórios institucionais ou na sua página pessoal) a qualquer ponto antes ou durante o processo editorial, já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citação do trabalho publicado.