La microbiota intestinal, enfermedades asociadas y los posibles tratamientos: Una revisión narrativa

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v13i1.41719

Palabras clave:

Microorganismos; Microbioma; Patologías; Disbiosis; Neurotransmisores.

Resumen

La microbiota está formada por varios microorganismos, bacterias, virus y hongos que habitan en el cuerpo humano, llevando a cabo procesos mutualistas. Este mecanismo interfiere directamente con la digestión y absorción de nutrientes, la protección contra organismos patógenos, la regulación del sistema inmune y las funciones enzimáticas que actúan como estimuladores y precursores de sustancias involucradas en diversos procesos metabólicos del huésped. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo describir las funciones de la microbiota intestinal, junto con los microorganismos existentes en el intestino humano, que es uno de los más grandes en diversidad, número y funciones realizadas. Los estudios fueron analizados utilizando bases de datos como Periódico CAPES, SciELO y LILACS y PubMed, cubriendo publicaciones entre 1990 y 2022. La microbiota intestinal es responsable de mantener la homeostasis intestinal, en la que previene el desarrollo de patógenos y agentes infecciosos. Existe una relación entre el aumento de las tasas inflamatorias y la disbiosis intestinal, que puede estar asociada a dietas inadecuadas, consumo de productos tóxicos y químicos, así como a factores genéticos y ambientales que pueden suprimir o desencadenar el aumento de bacterias dañinas. Se abordaron los determinantes de la microbiota intestinal. Se debatió sobre la relación entre el cerebro y el intestino y la influencia de la microbiota en la obesidad, el sistema inmunitario, el desarrollo de enfermedades neurológicas y el cáncer. Se ha presentado el papel de la microbiota en la colitis pseudomembranosa. Se pudo entender que la disbiosis desencadena varias respuestas inmunes innatas y adaptativas que pueden desarrollar la formación de varios procesos nocivos para el huésped. Se concluye que la microbiota intestinal desempeña un papel clave en el mantenimiento de la homeostasis intestinal a través del sistema inmunitario del huésped, y evoluciona con él, influyendo en el metabolismo, la fisiología y el desarrollo del sistema inmunitario, mientras que la alteración de la comunidad microbiana puede dar lugar a enfermedades crónicas.

Biografía del autor/a

Maria Eduarda Garcia de Andrade, Universidade Federal de Sergipe

Graduanda do curso de Licenciatura em Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus Professor Alberto Carvalho, Itabaiana, Se.

Célia Gomes de Siqueira, Universidade Federal de Sergipe

Doutora em Microbiologia Aplicada pela UNESP de Rio Claro, SP, Docentes da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus Professor Alberto Carvalho, Itabaiana, SE.

Citas

Abdelsalam, N. A., Ramadan, A. T., ElRakaiby, M. T., & Aziz, R. K. (2020). Toxicomicrobiomics: The Human Microbiome vs. Pharmaceutical, Dietary, and Environmental Xenobiotics. Frontiers in pharmacology, 11, 390. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00390

Almeida, J. R. M., Collares, D., & Barbosa, P. (2015). Bioprospecção microbiana. Embrapa Agroenergia. https://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/item/137596/1/bioprospeccao-microbiana-web.pdf.

Almeida, K. A., Strunz, C. M. C., Maranhão, R. C. & Mansur, A. P. (2007). Polimorfismo S447X da lipase lipoprotéica: influência sobre a incidência de doença arterial coronariana prematura e sobre os lípides plasmáticos. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 88(3), 297-303. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2007000300008

Altveş, S., Yildiz, H. K. & Vural, H. C. (2020). Interaction of the microbiota with the human body in health and diseases. Biosci Microbiota Food Health, 39(2), 23-32. https://doi.org/10.12938/bmfh.19-023.

Anderson, N. B. & Armstead, C. A. (1995). Toward understanding the association of socioeconomic status and health: a new challenge for the biopsychosocial approach. Psychosom. Med., 57(3), 213–25. https://journals.lww.com/psychosomaticmedicine/abstract/1995/05000/toward_understanding_the_association_of.3.aspx

Andrucioli, M. C. D., Faria, G., Nelson-Filho, P., Romano, F. L. & Matsumoto, M. A. N. (2017). Influence of resin-modified glass ionomer and tropical fluoride on levels of Streptococcus mutans in saliva and biofilm adjacent to metallic brackets. Journal of Applied Oral Science, 25(2),196-202. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-77572016-0231

Bajinka, O., Darboe, A., Tan, Y., Abdelhalim, K. A. & Cham, L. B. (2020). Gut microbiota and the human gut physiological changes. Annals of Microbiology, 70(65), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13213-020-01608-2.

Barbosa, F. H. F. Martins, F. S. Barbosa, L. P. J. L. & Nico, J. R. (2010). Microbiota indígena do trato gastrintestinal. Revista de Biologia e Ciência da Terra, Aracaju, 10(1), 78-93. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=50016930008

Bodén, S., Myte, R., Wennberg, M., Harlid, S., Johansson, I. et al. (2019). The inflammatory potential of diet in determining cancer risk; A prospective investigation of two dietary pattern scores. PloS One, 14(4), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214551

Bull, M. J. & Plummer, N. T. (2014). Part 1: The Human Gut Microbiome in Health and Disease. Integr Med (Encinitas), 13(6), 17–22. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4566439/

Butler, M. I., Mörkl, S., Sandhu, K. V., Cryan, J. F. & Dinan, T. G. (2019). The gut microbiome and mental health: what should we tell our patients? The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 64(11), 747–760. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743719874168

Campos, H. S. (2018). Papel do microbioma na resposta imune e na asma. Arq Asma Alerg Imunol., 2(2), 238-246. http://aaai-asbai.org.br/detalhe_artigo.asp?id=872

Cani, P. D. & Delzonne, N. M. (2007). Gut microflora as a target for energy and metabolic homeostasis. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 10(6), 729-734. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0b013e3282efdebb

Chen, Y., Xu, J., & Chen, Y. (2021). Regulation of Neurotransmitters by the Gut Microbiota and Effects on Cognition in Neurological Disorders. Nutrients, 13(6), 2099. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13062099

Clark, A. & Mach, N. (2016). Exercise-induced stress behavior, gut-microbiota-brain axis and diet: a systematic review for athletes. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 13, 43. https://doi.org/110.1186/s12970-016-0155-6

Clemente, J. C., Ursell, L. K., Parfrey, L. W. & Knight, R. (2012). The impact of the gut microbiota on human health: An integrative view. Cell, 148(6), 1258-1270.

Costa, C. S. G. (2021). A Importância da microbiota intestinal na saúde e em estados de disbiose – revisão narrativa. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências Farmacêuticas), Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto, 1-58. https://bdigital.ufp.pt/bitstream/10284/10461/1/PPG_39681.pdf

Costa, S. E. & Varavallo, A. M. (2011). Probióticos e Prebióticos: Relações com a imunidade e promoção da saúde. Revista Científica do ITPAC, 4(2), 4-11. https://assets.unitpac.com.br/arquivos/Revista/42/6.pdf

Cotrim, M. A., Marzano, L. A. S., Batista, J. P. T., Lira, M. L. C. & Fraga, C. L. (2020). O papel da microbiota intestinal na patogênese das doenças inflamatórias intestinais. Brazilian Journal of Health Review, 3(3), 4558–4565. https://doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv3n3-052

Cryan, J. F. & O'mahony, S. M. (2011). The microbiome-gut-brain axis: from bowel to behavior. Neurogastroenterol Motil, 23(3), 187-192. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01664.x

Cryan, J. F., O'riordan, K. J., Cowan, C. S. M., Sandhu, K. V., Bastiaanssen, T. F. S. et al. (2019). The microbiota–gut–brain axis. Physiol., 99, 1877–2013. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00018.2018

Cullin, N., Azevedo Antunes, C., Straussman, R., Stein-Thoeringer, C. K. & Elinav, E. (2021). Microbiome and cancer. Cancer cell, 39(10), 1317–1341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2021.08.006

Czepiel, J., Dróżdż, M., Pituch, H., Kuijper, E. J., Perucki, W., Mielimonka, A., Goldman, S., Wultańska, D., Garlicki, A., & Biesiada, G. (2019). Clostridium difficile infection: review. European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases, 38(7), 1211–1221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-019-03539-6

Daisley, B. A., Monachese, M., Trinder M., Bisanz, J. E., Chmiel, J. A., Burton, J. P. & Reida, G. (2019). Immobilization of cadmium and lead by Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 mitigates apical-to-basolateral heavy metal translocation in a Caco-2 model of the intestinal epithelium. Gut Microbes, 10, 321–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2018.1526581

El-Enshasy, H. A. & Yang, S. T. (2021). Probiotics, the Natural Microbiota in Living Organisms: Fundamentals and Applications. Boca Raton: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351027540

Faintuch, J. (2017). Microbioma, disbiose, probióticos e bacterioterapia. Barueri, SP: Editora Manole LTDA.

Fan, X., Alekseyenko, V., Wu, J., Peters, B. A., Jacobs, E., Gapstur, S. M. et al. (2018). Human oral microbiota and prospective risk for pancreatic cancer: a population-based nested case-control study. Gut, 67(1), 120–27.

Farooq, P. D., Urrunaga, N. H., Tang, D. M., & von Rosenvinge, E. C. (2015). Pseudomembranous colitis. Disease-a-month : DM, 61(5), 181–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2015.01.006

Fatima, R. & Aziz, M. (2019). The Hypervirulent Strain of Clostridium Difficile: NAP1/B1/027 - A Brief Overview. Cureus, 11(1), e3977. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.3977

Fernández, M. F., Reina-Pérez, I., Astorga, J. M., Rodríguez-Carrillo, A., Plaza-Díaz, J. & Fontana, L. Breast Cancer and Its Relationship with the Microbiota. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(8), 1747. https://doi.org/110.3390/ijerph15081747

Fonseca, P. C. & Pinheiro, M. S. (2019). Influência da microbiota intestinal no desenvolvimento da obesidade: artigo de revisão. Caderno De Graduação - Ciências Biológicas E Da Saúde, Aracaju, 5(2), 193-212. https://periodicos.set.edu.br/cadernobiologicas/article/view/6664

Forsythe, P. (2013). Gut microbes as modulators of neuro-immuno-endocrine system. PharmaNutrition, 1(4), 115–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phanu.2013.05.003

Forsythe, P., Sudo, N., Dinan, T., Taylor, V. & Bienenstock, J. (2010). Mood and gut feelings. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 24, 1, 9-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2009.05.058

Foster, J. & Neufeld, K. M. (2013). Gut-brain axis: how the microbiome influences anxiety and depression. Trends in Neurosciences, 36(5), 305-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2013.01.005

Furuhashi, M., Tuncman, G., Görgün, C. Z., Makowski, L., Atsumi, G. et al. (2007). Treatment of diabetes and atherosclerosis by inhibiting fatty-acid-binding protein aP2. Nature, 21(447), 959-65. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05844

Garrett, W. S. (2015). Cancer and the microbiota. Science, 3(348), 80-6. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa4972

Gaudino, S. J. & Kuma, P. (2019). Cross-Talk Between Antigen Presenting Cells and T Cells Impacts Intestinal Homeostasis, Bacterial Infections, and Tumorigenesis. Front Immunol., 6(10), 360. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00360

Geuking, M. B., Köller, Y., Rupp, S. & Mccoy, K. D. (2014). The interplay between the gut microbiota and the immune system. Gut Microbes, 5(3), 411–418. https://doi.org/10.4161/gmic.29330

Gonçalves, P. A. M. (2014). Microbiota – implicações na imunidade e no metabolismo. Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciências Farmacêuticas). Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal.

Guarner, F. (2007). Papel de la flora intestinal en la salud y en la enfermedad. Nutrición Hospitalaria, Madrid, 22(2), 14-19. http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0212-16112007000500003&lng=es&tlng=es

Hadrich, D. (2018). Microbiome research is becoming the key to better understanding health and nutrition. Frontiers in genetics, 9, 212. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2018.00212

Heijtz, R. D., Wang, S., Anuar, F., Qian, Y., Bjorkholm, B., Samuelsson, A. et al. (2011). Normal gut microbiota modulates brain development and behavior. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108(7), 3047-3052. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1010529108

Hvas, C. L., Baunwalla, S. M. D., & Erikstrup, C. (2020). Faecal microbiota transplantation: A life-saving therapy challenged by commercial claims for exclusivity. EClinicalMedicine, 24, 100436.

Karkman, A., Lehtimäki, J. & Ruokolainen, L. (2017). The ecology of human microbiota: dynamics and diversity in health and disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1399(1), 78–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13326.

Kim, K. O. & Gluck, M. (2019). Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: An Update on Clinical Practice. Clinical endoscopy, 52(2), 137–143. https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2019.009

Koren, O., Knights, D., Gonzalez, A., Waldron, L., Segata, N., Knight, R. et al. (2013). A guide to enterotypes across the human body: meta-analysis of microbial community structures in human microbiome datasets. PLoS Comput Biol., 9(1), e1002863. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002863

Korman, T. M. (2015). Diagnosis and management of Clostridium difficile infection. Semin Respir Crit Care Med., 36(1), 31-43. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1398741

Ley R. E., Backhed F., Turbanugh, P., Lozupone, C. A., Knight, R. D. & Gordon, J. I. (2005). Obesity alters gut microbial ecology. Nature USA, 102(31), 1022-23. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0504978102

Ley, R. E., Turnbaugh, P. J., Klein, S. & Gordon, J. I. (2006). Human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature, 444(7122), 1022–1023. https://doi.org/10.1038/4441022a

Longo, W. E., & Oliver, G.C. (2007). Less-common Benign Disorders of the Colon and Rectum. In: Wolff, B.G., et al. The ASCRS Textbook of Colon and Rectal Surgery. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-36374-5_43

Lozupone, C. A., Stombaugh, J. I., Gordon, J. I., Jansson, J. K. & Knight, R. (2012). Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota. Nature, 489(7415), 220-230. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11550

Magalhães-Guedes, K. T., Anunciação, T. A. & Nascimento, A. S. M. (2020). Psicobióticos na saúde mental contra transtorno da ansiedade e depressão. cap. 13, 105-110. Castro, L. H. A., Pereira, T. T., Oesterreich, S. A. (Orgs). In: Ciências da saúde: campo promissor em pesquisa. (vol. 1, 1ª ed, 2020). Ponta Grossa, PR: Atena. https://doi.org/10.22533/at.ed.89920110213

Margolis, K. G., Cryan, J. F., & Mayer, E. A. (2021). The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: From Motility to Mood. Gastroenterology, 160(5), 1486–1501. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.10.066

Markowiak, P. & Śliżewska, K. (2017). Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics on Human Health. Nutrients, 9(9), 1021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/572754

Marmot, M. (2006). Smoking and inequalities. The Lancet, 368(9533), 341–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68976-9

Martin, R., Nauta, A. J., Ben Amor, K., Knippels, L. M. J., Knol, J. & Garssen, J. (2010). Early life: gut microbiota and immune development in infancy. Beneficial Microbes, 1(4), 367-382. https://doi.org/10.3920/BM2010.0027

Martins, D. C., Baptista, C. & Carrilho, C. (2018). Microbiota intestinal e diabetes mellitus: associações intrínsecas. Rev Port Endocrinol Diabetes Metab., 13(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpedm.2016.10.0XXX

Meng, C., Bai, C., Brown, T. D., Hood, L. E. & Tian, Q. (2018). Human Gut Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer. Genomics, proteomics & bioinformatics, 16(1), 33–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gpb.2017.06.002

Microbiology By Numbers. (2011). Nature reviews microbiology, 9, 628. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2644

Morais, L. H., Schreiber, H. L. & Mazmanian, S. K. (2021). The gut microbiota–brain axis in behaviour and brain disorders. Nature reviews microbiology, 19, 241–255. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020-00460-0

Nishijima, S., Suda, W., Oshima, K., Kim, S. W., Hirose, Y., Morita, H. & Hattori, M. (2016). The gut microbiome of healthy Japanese and its microbial and functional uniqueness. DNA Res., 23, 125–33. https://doi.org/10.1093/dnares/dsw002

Pandey, K. R., Naik, S. R. & Vakil, B. V. (2015). Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics- a review. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 52(12), 7577–7587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-015-1921-1

Peters, B. A., Wu, J., Pei, Z., Yang, L., Purdue, M. P., Freedman, N. D. et al. (2017). Oral microbiome composition reflects prospective risk for esophageal cancers. Cancer Res., 77(23), 6777–87. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-17-1296

Postelli, G. & Costa, C. (2010). Bactérias intestinais e obesidade. Revista saúde e pesquisa, 3(1), 115-119. https://periodicos.unicesumar.edu.br/index.php/saudpesq/article/view/1412

Rossen, N. G., Macdonald, J. K., De Vries, E. M., D’haens, G. R., De Vos, W. M. et al. (2015). Fecal microbiota transplantation as novel therapy in gastroenterology: a systematic review. World J Gastroenterol., 21(17), 5359-71. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v21.i17.5359

Santos, K. E. R. & Ricci, G. C. L. (2016). Microbiota intestinal e a obesidade. Revista UNINGÁ Review, 26(1),74-82. https://revista.uninga.br/uningareviews/article/view/1794

Santos, L. A. (2018). A Microbiota intestinal e sua relação com o sistema imunológico. Revista da Universidade Vale do Rio Verde, 16(1), 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5892/ruvrd.v16i2.4342

Santos, R. & Varavalho, M. (2011). A importância de probiótico para o controle e/ou reestruturação da microbiota intestinal. Revista Científica do ITPAC, São Paulo, 4(1), 40-49. https://assets.unitpac.com.br/arquivos/Revista/41/5.pdf

Sender R., Fuchs S. & Milo R. (2016). Revised estimates for the number of human and bacteria cells in the body. PLoS biology, 14(8), e1002533. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002533

Signorello, L. B., Cohen, S. S., Williams, D. R., Munro, H. M., Hargreaves, M. K. & Blot, W. J. (2014). Socioeconomic status, race, and mortality: a prospective cohort study. Am. J. Public Health, 104(12), 98–107. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302156

Sommer, F. & Backhed, F. (2013). The gut microbiota - masters of host development and physiology. Nature reviews microbiology, 11, 227–238. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2974

Tan, P., Li, X., Shen, J., & Feng, Q. (2020). Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An Update. Frontiers Pharmacology, 11:574533. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.574533

Tan, H. E. (2023). The microbiota-gut-brain axis in stress and depression. Frontiers in neuroscience, 17, 1151478. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1151478

Tang, W. W. H., Bäckhed, F., Landmesser, U. L. F & Hazen, S. L. (2019). Intestinal Microbiota in Cardiovascular Health and Disease: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol., 73(16), 2089–2105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.03.024

Terrier, M. C. Z., Simonet, Ml, B. P. & Frossard, J. L. (2014). Recurrent Clostridium difficile infections: the importance of the intestinal microbiota. World J Gastroenterol., 20(23), 7416-23. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i23.7416

The Integrative Hmp (iHMP). (2019). Research Network Consortium. The Integrative Human Microbiome Project. Nature, 569, 641–648. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1238-8

Tsukumo, D. M., Carvalho, B. M., Carvalho-Filho, M. A. & Saad, M. J. A. (2009). Translational research into gut microbiota: new horizons in obesity treatment. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol., 53(2), 139-44. https://doi.org/10.1590/2359-3997000000029

Wachsmuth, H.R., Weninger, S.N. & Duca, F.A. (2022). Role of the gut–brain axis in energy and glucose metabolism. Experimental & Molecular Medicine, 54, 377–392. https://doi.org/10.1038/s12276-021-00677-w

Waclawiková, B., Codutti, A., Alim, K., & El Aidy, S. (2022). Gut microbiota-motility interregulation: insights from in vivo, ex vivo and in silico studies. Gut microbes, 14(1), 1997296. https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2021.1997296

Wilson, I. D. & Nicholson, J. K. (2017). Gut microbiome interactions with drug metabolism, efficacy, and toxicity. Transl. Res., 179, 204–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trsl.2016.08.002

Zahran, S. A., Ali-Tammam, M., Hashem, A. M., Aziz, R. K. & Ali, A. E. (2019). Azoreductase activity of dye-decolorizing bacteria isolated from the human gut microbiota. Scientific reports, 9(1), 5508. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41894-8

Zhou, X., Qiao, K., Wu, H., & Zhang, Y. (2023). The Impact of Food Additives on the Abundance and Composition of Gut Microbiota. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 28(2), 631. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020631

Publicado

13/01/2024

Cómo citar

ANDRADE, M. E. G. de .; SIQUEIRA, C. G. de . La microbiota intestinal, enfermedades asociadas y los posibles tratamientos: Una revisión narrativa. Research, Society and Development, [S. l.], v. 13, n. 1, p. e6113141719, 2024. DOI: 10.33448/rsd-v13i1.41719. Disponível em: https://rsdjournal.org/index.php/rsd/article/view/41719. Acesso em: 17 jul. 2024.

Número

Sección

Ciencias de la salud