Plantas Medicinais como Potenciais Inibidores do SARS-CoV-2: Uma revisão narrativa sobre propriedades antivirais e imunomoduladoras
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v14i2.48197Palavras-chave:
Antiviral; COVID-19; Citocina; Plantas medicinais; Compostos fitoquímicos; SARS-CoV-2.Resumo
A pandemia da doença do coronavírus de 2019 (COVID-19), causada pelo coronavírus da síndrome respiratória aguda grave 2 (SARS-CoV-2), destacou a necessidade urgente de estratégias terapêuticas eficazes. Embora medicamentos antivirais tenham sido desenvolvidos, o surgimento de variantes virais e as limitações dos tratamentos atuais reforçam a necessidade de explorar abordagens alternativas. As plantas medicinais, conhecidas por propriedades antioxidantes, anti-inflamatórias e antivirais, ganharam atenção como potenciais inibidores da replicação viral. Este artigo apresenta um estudo de revisão narrativa que procura examinar o potencial antiviral de extratos vegetais contra o SARS-CoV-2, focando em espécies-chave como Perilla frutescens, Punica granatum L., Nerium oleander, Scutellaria baicalensis e Vitis vinifera. Esses extratos demonstraram efeitos inibitórios promissores sobre mecanismos virais críticos, incluindo a replicação do RNA, a atividade de proteases (e.g., 3CLPro) e a entrada viral nas células hospedeiras. O estudo também discute os efeitos imunomoduladores desses compostos, especialmente na redução da inflamação associada à tempestade de citocinas, um dos principais fatores de gravidade da COVID-19. Além disso, alguns extratos vegetais, como Perilla frutescens, mostram efeitos sinérgicos quando combinados com antivirais convencionais, como o remdesivir. Apesar dos resultados promissores in vitro e in vivo, são necessários mais estudos pré-clínicos e clínicos para validar a eficácia e a segurança desses compostos naturais. Dada sua acessibilidade, segurança e propriedades antivirais de amplo espectro, os extratos de plantas medicinais representam um caminho valioso para o desenvolvimento de novas terapias contra a COVID-19 e outras infecções virais emergentes. Esta revisão reforça a necessidade de pesquisas contínuas sobre bioativos vegetais como potenciais candidatos para estratégias antivirais integrativas.
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