Melhor que nada? uma revisão e crítica do patrocínio infantil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i8.5574Palavras-chave:
Patrocínio infantil; Crítica; Educação para o desenvolvimento; Cidadão global; HEADS UP; Justiça; Revisão da literatura.Resumo
O objetivo deste artigo é revisar e sintetizar pesquisas focadas no patrocínio infantil (CS) e, ao fazê-lo, apresentar uma crítica fundamentada em conceituações de justiça, solidariedade, relações éticas e educação para o desenvolvimento internacional. Conforme discutido neste artigo, uma revisão da literatura fornece oito motivações para se envolver no patrocínio de crianças: Conexão pessoal; altruísmo; culpa; pequena vitória; parte de algo maior; desconfiança do governo; não sem rosto; avanço do desenvolvimento. Após a síntese da pesquisa e a discussão dessas motivações, constrói-se uma crítica visualizando essas motivações por meio de três lentes teóricas: conceituações do bom cidadão, do complexo público-alvo e, finalmente, de uma ferramenta e estrutura pedagógica denominada HEADS UP. O artigo termina com perguntas centradas no poder, pobreza, responsabilidade, cumplicidade, justiça e paz e, em última análise, fornece uma resposta à pergunta "é melhor que nada?" O argumento apresentado neste artigo é que, em sua notável ausência de um exame mais crítico das causas profundas da pobreza e das injustiças globais, o patrocínio infantil não é, de fato, melhor do que nada.
Referências
Alasuutari, H., & Andreotti, V. (2015). Framing and contesting the dominant global imaginary of north-south relations: Identifying and challenging socio-cultural hierarchies. Policy & Practice: A Development Education Review, 20, 64-92.
Andreotti, V. (2011). (Towards) decoloniality and diversality in global citizenship education. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 9(3-4), 381-97. DOI: 10.1080/14767724.2011.605323
Andreotti, V. (2012a). Education, knowledge and the righting of wrongs. Other Education: The Journal of Educational Alternatives, 1(1), 19-31.
Andreotti, V. (2012b). Editor’s preface ‘HEADS UP’. Critical Literacy, 6(1), 1-3.
Andreotti, V. (2016). The educational challenges of imagining the world differently. Canadian Journal of Development Studies, 37(1), 101-12. DOI: 10.1080/02255189.2016.113445
Andreotti, V., & de Souza, L. (2011). Introduction: (Towards) global citizenship education ‘otherwise. In V. Andreotti & L. deSouza (Eds.), Postcolonial Perspectives on Global Citizenship Education (pp. 1-5). Routledge.
Andreotti, V., Stein, S., Sutherland, A., Pashby, K., Susa, R., & Amsler, S. (2018). Mobilising different conversations about global justice in education: Toward alternative futures in uncertain times. Policy & Practice: A Development Education Review, 26, 9-41.
Bendo, D., Hepburn, T., Spencer, D., & Sinclair, R. (2019). Advertising ‘happy’ children: The settler family, happiness and the Indigenous child removal system. Children & Society, 33, 399–413. DOI: 10.1111/chso.12335
Buchanan, J., & Varadharajan, M. (2018). Poor understanding? Challenges to global development education. Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 10(1), 1-25. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v10i1.5756
Büscher, B. (2019). From ‘global’ to ‘revolutionary’ development. Development and Change, 50(2), 484–494. DOI: 10.1111/dech.12491
Canadian Feed the Children (2020). Best child sponsorship programs in Canada: Learn how to find the best sponsor a child organization for you. Retrieved from https://canadianfeedthechildren.ca/the-feed/best-child-sponsorship-canada/ (April 22, 2020).
Chalice (2019). Chalice: About. Retrieved from https://www.chalice.ca/about (May 10, 2019).
Charity Intelligence Canada (2020). World Vision Canada Report. Retrieved from https://www.charityintelligence.ca/charity-details/33-world-vision-canada (April 10, 2020).
Clarke, M., & Watson, B. (2014). Child sponsorship: A path to its future. In B. Watson & M. Clarke (eds.), Child sponsorship: Exploring pathways to a brighter future (pp. 317-36). London: Palgrave MacMillan.
Eekelen, W.V. (2013). Revisiting child sponsorship programmes. Development in Practice, 23(4), 468-80.
Escobar, A. (2012). Encountering development: The making and unmaking of the Third World (revised edition). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Esteva, G., Babones, S., & Babcicky¸ P. (2013). The future of development: A radical manifesto. Great Britain: Policy Press.
Fieldston, S. (2014). Little cold warriors: Child sponsorship and international affairs. Diplomatic History, 38(2), 240-50.
Fischer, A. (2019). Bringing development back into development studies. Development and Change, 50(2), 426–44. DOI: 10.1111/dech.12490
Fraser, N. (2007). Re-framing justice in a globalizing world. In T. Lovell (Ed.), (Mis)recognition, social inequality and social justice: Nancy Fraser and Pierre Bourdieu (pp. 17-35). London, UK: Routledge.
Hennink, M., Kiiti, N., Pillinger, M., & Jayakaran, R. (2012). Defining empowerment: Perspectives from international development organisations. Development in Practice, 22(2), 202-15.
Horner, R., & Hulme, D. (2019). From international to global development: New geographies of 21st century development. Development and Change, 50(2), 347-78. DOI: 10.1111/dech.12379
Kapoor, I. (2014). Psychoanalysis and development: Contributions, examples, limits. Third World Quarterly, 35(7), 1120–43.
Li, V. (2017). ‘Shopping for Change’: World Vision Canada and consumption-oriented philanthropy in the age of philanthrocapitalism. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary & Nonprofit Organizations, 28, 455-71.
MacQueen, S., & Ferguson-Patrick, K. (2015). Where’s the action in global education? Employing global education for lasting change through teacher education. In R. Reynolds et el. (Eds.), Contesting and constructing international perspectives in global education (pp. 115–24). Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
Martin, F., & Pirbhai-Illich, F. (2015). Service learning as post-colonial discourse: Active global citizenship. In R. Reynolds et al. (Eds.), Contesting and constructing international perspectives in global education (pp. 135–50). Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
Mignolo, W., & Walsh, C. (2018). On decoloniality: Concepts, analytics, praxis. London: Duke University Press.
Mittelman, R., & Neilson, L. (2011). Development porn? Child sponsorship advertisements in the 1970s. Journal of Historical Research in Marketing, 3(3), 370-401.
New Internationalist (NI) (1982). Sponsorship: The Facts. In Issue No. 111, May, Please do not sponsor this child: There are better ways to help. Retrieved from https://newint.org/features/1982/05/01/facts (May 12, 2020).
New Internationalist (NI) (1985). One child at a time. In Issue No. 148, June, Can you help? Charity and justice in the third world. Retrieved from https://newint.org/features/1985/06/05/one (May 12, 2020).
New Internationalist (NI) (1992). What Then Can We Do? In Issue No. 232, June, Development: A guide to the ruins. Retrieved from https://newint.org/issues/1992/06/01 (May 12, 2020).
New Internationalist (NI) (2020). The age of development: An obituary. In NI Issue No. 523, Jan-Feb, Freedom to move – for everyone. Retrieved from https://newint.org/features/2019/12/09/long-read-age-development-obituary (May 12, 2020).
Noh, J-E. (2019). Human rights-based child sponsorship: A case study of ActionAid. Voluntas, 30, 1420–32.
O’Neill, K.L (2013). Left behind: Security, salvation, and the subject of prevention. Cultural Anthropology, 28(2), 204–26. DOI: 10.1111/cuan.12001
Ove, P. (2018). Change a life, change your own: Child sponsorship, the discourse of development, and the production of ethical subjects. Halifax: Fernwood Publishing.
Prendergast, G.P., & Maggie, C.H.W. (2013). Donors' experience of sustained charitable giving: a phenomenological study. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 30(2), 130-9.
Rabbitts, F. (2012). Child sponsorship, ordinary ethics and the geographies of charity. Geoforum, 43, 926–36.
Sachs, W. (Editor) (1992). The Development dictionary: A guide to knowledge as power. London; Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Zed Books.
Saskatchewan Council for International Cooperation (SCIC) (2017). Transforming charity into solidarity and justice (Global Citizenship Education, Module 1). SK: SCIC.
Smillie, I. (2017). A death on Chapel Street: Anatomy of an NGO collapse. Canadian Journal of Development Studies, 38(1), 111-24.
Spencer (2017). Extraction and pulverization: A narrative analysis of Canada scoop survivors. Settler Colonial Studies, 7(1), 57-71. DOI: 10.1080/2201473X.2016.1152651
Tallon, R., & Watson, B. (2014). Child sponsorship as development education in the northern classroom. In B. Watson & M. Clarke (2014), Child sponsorship: Exploring pathways to a brighter future (pp. 297-315). London: Palgrave MacMillan.
Taylor, L. (2011). Beyond paternalism: Global education with preservice teachers as a practice of implication. In V. Andreotti & L. Souza (Eds.), Postcolonial Perspectives on Global Citizenship Education (pp. 177- 99). New York: Routledge.
Tupper, J., & Cappello, M. (2012). (Re)creating citizenship: Saskatchewan high school students' understandings of the 'good' citizen. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 44(1), 37-59.
Watson, B. (2015). The origins of international child sponsorship. Development in Practice, 25(6), 867-79.
Watson, B., & Clarke, M. (2014). Child sponsorship: Exploring pathways to a brighter future. London: Palgrave MacMillan.
Westheimer, J., & Kahne, J. (2004). What kind of citizen? The politics of educating for democracy. American Education Research Journal, 41(2), 237-69.
Wydick, B., Glewwe, P., & Rutledge, L. (2013). Does international child sponsorship work? A six-country study of impacts on adult life outcomes. Journal of Political Economy, 121(2), 393-436.
Yuen, P. (2008). "Things that Break the Heart of God": Child sponsorship programs and World Vision International," Totem: The University of Western Ontario Journal of Anthropology, 16(1), Article 6.
Ziai, A. (2013). The discourse of “development” and why the concept should be abandoned. Development in Practice, 23(1), 123-36. DOI: 10.1080/09614524.2013.752792
Ziai, A. (2017). Post-development 25 years after The Development Dictionary. Third World Quarterly, 38(12), 2547-58.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
1) Autores mantém os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
2) Autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada nesta revista (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
3) Autores têm permissão e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online (ex.: em repositórios institucionais ou na sua página pessoal) a qualquer ponto antes ou durante o processo editorial, já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citação do trabalho publicado.
