Panorama de los compósitos poliméricos reforzados con fibras vegetales e impresos mediante Modelado por Deposición Fundida (MDF): Una revisión sistemática
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v14i12.50366Palabras clave:
Fabricación aditiva, Fibras vegetales, Compuestos poliméricos, Modelado por Deposición Fundida (FDM), Construcción sostenible, Ácido Poliláctico (PLA).Resumen
La construcción civil representa una parte significativa de las emisiones de CO₂ y del consumo de recursos naturales, lo que ha impulsado la búsqueda de materiales con menor impacto ambiental. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el desempeño y el potencial de aplicación de compósitos poliméricos reforzados con fibras vegetales en la construcción sostenible, mediante una revisión sistemática realizada según las directrices PRISMA. Se efectuaron búsquedas en las bases de datos ScienceDirect, Web of Science y Dimensions, considerando el período de 2018 a 2024, totalizando 15.482 artículos, de los cuales 50 cumplieron los criterios de selección. Los resultados muestran un predominio de matrices a base de ácido poliláctico (PLA) y de fibras lignocelulósicas como madera, soja, cáñamo, lino, bambú, curauá, kenaf, yute y residuos de aceite de palma. La incorporación de fibras vegetales contribuye al aumento del módulo de elasticidad y, en condiciones optimizadas del contenido de fibra añadido, del tratamiento superficial y de los parámetros de impresión, también contribuye a la resistencia a tracción y a flexión, además de permitir estructuras celulares ligeras con buena capacidad de absorción de energía y, en algunos casos, un desempeño acústico relevante. Sin embargo, persisten vacíos relacionados con el comportamiento físico-mecánico de la materia prima, la estandarización de los métodos de ensayo, la comparación directa con materiales convencionales y la evaluación del ciclo de vida en condiciones reales de uso. La síntesis realizada indica que los compósitos PLA–fibras vegetales impresos por FDM representan una ruta prometedora para el desarrollo de paneles, núcleos sándwich, revestimientos y elementos arquitectónicos personalizados, contribuyendo a una producción más limpia en el sector de la construcción.
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Derechos de autor 2025 Felipe Nakamura Bassani, Leonardo Miguel Guzzoni, Maira Vanessa da Rocha, Flávia Aparecida Reitz Cardoso, Luciana Cristina Soto Herek
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