Analysis of the clinical epidemiology of Cow's Milk Protein Allergy (CMPA): An integrative review study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v14i9.49445Keywords:
Food hypersensitivity, Cow's milk protein allergy, Pediatric range.Abstract
Introduction: In the pediatric age group, cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) stands out as the most prevalent immune reaction. Characterized by the immune system's response to milk proteins such as casein, alpha-lactalbumin, and beta-lactoglobulin, clinical manifestations vary according to the immune mechanism involved. Type I hypersensitivity, mediated by IgE, presents symptoms such as urticaria, angioedema, and respiratory problems, while type IV hypersensitivity is associated with gastrointestinal manifestations. In addition, mixed allergy, involving both mechanisms, manifests itself in conditions such as atopic dermatitis, eosinophilic esophagitis, eosinophilic gastroenteropathy, and asthma. These manifestations, which usually begin in the first two years of life, highlight the sensitivity of early childhood to health and nutrition, influencing long-term quality of life. Objective: To analyze the epidemiological and clinical profile of pediatric patients with CMPA. Methodology: Integrative review of the MEDLINE, LILACS, and IBECS databases, using the descriptors: “clinical epidemiology” AND “milk hypersensitivity” AND (child OR “child, preschool”). Of the 66 articles found, 15 articles were selected. Results: The incidence of cow's milk protein hypersensitivity in the first year of life is about 2 to 3% in developed countries, making it the most common food allergy in early childhood. In a Swedish cohort of 2,985 children, 20% had milk-related symptoms in childhood, between 2 and 4 years of age, but the majority (94%) outgrew these symptoms during adolescence. A study conducted at a university hospital in Oman involving 164 allergic patients revealed that 78 of them were sensitized to cow's milk, presenting various manifestations such as eczema, urticaria, anaphylaxis, gastrointestinal symptoms, asthma, rhinitis, and angioedema (AL-TAMEMI et al., 2018). The prevalence of skin symptoms was notable, affecting about 77% of patients, including atopic dermatitis, urticaria, angioedema, pruritus, pityriasis alba, and cutaneous xerosis. In addition, respiratory symptoms were observed in approximately 26% of patients, while gastrointestinal symptoms were reported in about 42% of cases (Ruiz Sánchez, 2018). Conclusions: The studies analyzed reveal the complexity of the clinical manifestations of cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA), highlighting the diversity of symptoms, with a significant predominance of skin reactions.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Luíza Maria Grangeiro de Sousa, Karoline Melo Magalhães, Alana Dafne Chagas Ordônio, Sayd Abrantes de Lima Pereira, Millena de Carvalho Pereira, Núbia Kelly Rodrigues Ribeiro
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