Electrochemical immunosensors for detecting mycotoxins in food: An integrative review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v14i9.49515Keywords:
Immunosensors, Detection, Mycotoxins.Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites produced during fungal sporulation. These metabolites can develop in foods during production, harvesting, processing, storage, and transportation. These metabolites cause serious health problems for humans and animals, as well as economic impacts, as an estimated 25% of the world's food crops are contaminated with some type of mycotoxin. Therefore, immunosensors have emerged as promising methods for determining mycotoxins, compared with current methods. They can be applied in a wide range of diagnostic applications due to their low detection limits, operational simplicity, high sensitivity, low cost, and field portability. Therefore, this work presents an integrative, cross-sectional, and retrospective review with a restrictive approach to selecting immunosensor samples for food mycotoxin detection, aiming to differentiate them for rapid diagnosis and high accuracy. This specialized literature search selected twelve articles, combining different descriptors applied in Boolean searches, conducted between 2019 and 2024. These studies addressed various components of immunosensors, particularly their association with nanomaterials to amplify the signal and increase the surface area. The bioreceptors and detection limits were also evaluated. Research focused on the development of biosensor systems represents an excellent alternative for rapid and practical diagnostic support, as they can be applied safely and at low cost.
References
Abdolmaleki, K. et al. (2021). The mycotoxins in edible oils: An overview of prevalence, concentration, toxicity, detection and decontamination techniques. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 115, 500-11.
Abera, B. D. et al. (2019). Development of flexible dispense-printed electrochemical immunosensor for aflatoxin M1 detection in milk. Sensors. 19(18), 3912.
Angelopoulou, M. et al. (2023). Mach-Zehnder Interferometric Immunosensor for Detection of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk, Chocolate Milk, and Yogurt. Biosensors. 13(6), 592.
Awuchi, C. G. et al. (2022). Mycotoxins’ toxicological mechanisms involving humans, livestock and their associated health concerns: A review. Toxins. 14(3), 167.
CACERES, Isaura et al. Aflatoxin biosynthesis and genetic regulation: A review. Toxins, v. 12, n. 3, p. 150, 2020.
Cancelliere, R. et al. (2021). Electrochemical and morphological layer-by-layer characterization of electrode interfaces during a label-free impedimetric immunosensor build-up: The case of ochratoxin A. Applied Surface Science. 567, 150791.
De Andrade Silva, T. et al. (2024). Plasmonic immunosensors based on spoon-shaped waveguides for fast and on-site ultra-low detection of ochratoxin A in coffee samples. Talanta. 271, 125648.
Dhakal, A. & Sbar, E. (2022). Aflatoxin Toxicity. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
Dincer, C. et al. (2019). Disposable sensors in diagnostics, food, and environmental monitoring. Advanced Materials. 31(30), 1806739.
European Commission, E. et al. (2006). Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Off. J. Eur. Union. 364, 5-24.
Filik, H. & Avan, A. A. (2019). Nanostructures for nonlabeled and labeled electrochemical immunosensors: Simultaneous electrochemical detection of cancer markers: A review. Talanta. 205, 120153.
Haque, A. et al. (2020). Mycotoxin contamination and control strategy in human, domestic animal and poultry: A review. Microbial pathogenesis. 142, 104095.
Huang, Y. et al. (2020). Label-Free Amperometric Immunosensor Based on Versatile Carbon Nanofibers Network Coupled with Au Nanoparticles for Aflatoxin B1 Detection. Biosensors. 11(1), 5.
Jafari, S. et al. (2022). Smartphone-based magneto-immunosensor on carbon black modified screen-printed electrodes for point-of-need detection of aflatoxin B1 in cereals. Analytica Chimica Acta. 1221, 340118.
Kumar, P. et al. (2020). Ochratoxins in food and feed: Occurrence and its impact on human health and management strategies. Toxicon. 187, 151-62.
Li, R et al. (2021). Recent advances in immunoassays and biosensors for mycotoxins detection in feedstuffs and foods. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology. 12(1), 1-19.
Liu, P. (2021). Sensitive Electrochemical Immunosensor for Detection of Mycotoxins Aflatoxin B1 Using Disposable screen- Printed Carbon Electrode. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, p. 21033.
Maduraiveeran, G., Sasidharan, M. & Ganesan, V. (2018). Electrochemical sensor and biosensor platforms based on advanced nanomaterials for biological and biomedical applications. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 103, 113-29.
Malvano, F. et al. (2022). Rapid Detection of Deoxynivalenol in Dry Pasta Using a Label-Free Immunosensor. Biosensors. 12(4), 240.
Naresh, V. & Lee, N. (2021). A review on biosensors and recent development of nanostructured materials-enabled biosensors. Sensors. 21(4), 1109.
Naz, I. et al. (2024). A field-portable electrochemical immunosensor based on a multifunctional Ag2O/g-C3N4@MA-DBB covalent organic framework receptor interface for single-step detection of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk samples. Nanoscale Advances. 6(18), 4693–703.
Pereira, A. S., et al. (2018). Metodologia da pesquisa científica. [e-book]. Ed. UAB/NTE/UFSM.
Pérez-Fernández, B. et al. (2023). Development, optimization and validation of an electrochemical immunosensor for determination of total aflatoxins in pistachio. Food Control. 152, 109859.
Khan,, Kaushik,A., Solanki, P. R., Ansari, A. A., Pandey, M. K. & Malhotra, B. D. (2020). Zinc oxide nanoparticles-chitosan composite film for cholesterol biosensor, Anal. Chim. Acta. 616 (2008), 207–13.
Snider, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research. 104, 333-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039.
Sohrabi, H et al. (2022). Recent advances in the highly sensitive determination of zearalenone residues in water and environmental resources with electrochemical biosensors. Environmental Research. 204, 112082.
Song, X., Wang, D. & Kim, M. (2021). Development of an immuno-electrochemical glass carbon electrode sensor based on graphene oxide/gold nanocomposite and antibody for the detection of patulin. Food Chemistry. 342, 128257.
Xuan, Z. et al. (2021). Copper Oxide Nanoparticle-Based Immunosensor for Zearalenone Analysis by Combining Automated Sample Pre-Processing and High-Throughput Terminal Detection. Sensors. 21(19), 6538.
Yu, Y. et al. (2020). Detoxification of aflatoxin B1 in corn by chlorine dioxide gas. Food Chemistry. 328, 127121.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Beatriz Santiago Guerra, César Augusto Souza de Andrade, Maria Danielly Lima de Oliveira
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
