Alteration of object recognition memory after chronic exposure to dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in adult rats

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i1.11695

Keywords:

Agrochemicals; Herbicides; Memory disorders; Neuropsychological tests; Repetition priming.

Abstract

The described neurological symptoms associated with pesticide exposure include memory and concentration problems. Most experimental studies of the association between dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and neurotoxicity have focused on brain development, and few have been conducted in adult animals. The aim of this study was to assess whether chronic oral or inhalation exposure to 2,4-D affects object recognition memory in adult rats. Forty albino Wistar rats were used and distributed into 4 groups (n = 10): I: animals nebulized with distilled water; O: animals receiving feed treated with nebulized distilled water; DI: animals nebulized with 9.28 x 10-3 grams of active ingredient per hectare (g.a.i./ha) of 2,4-D; and DO: animals receiving feed treated with 9.28 x 10-3 g.a.i./ha of nebulized 2,4-D. The animals were exposed for 6 months. To assess recognition memory, the object recognition test was used. Compared to control animals, animals exposed to 2,4-D spent less time exploring objects (p <0.05) and obtained an object recognition index score of -1. Route of exposure to 2,4-D had an effect only on the time spent exploring objects, which was shorter in animals exposed orally. Chronic exposure to a high concentration of 2,4-D alters the ability of adult animals to recognize objects.

References

Ait-Bali, Y., Ba-M'hamed, S., Gambarotta, G., Sassoè-Pognetto, M., Giustetto, M., & Bennis, M. (2020). Pre- and postnatal exposure to glyphosate-based herbicide causes behavioral and cognitive impairments in adult mice: evidence of cortical ad hippocampal dysfunction. Archives of toxicology, 94(5), 1703–1723. 10.1007/s00204-020-02677-7

Aggleton, J. P., Albasser, M. M., Aggleton, D. J., Poirier, G. L. & Pearce, J. M. (2010). Lesions of the rat perirhinal cortex spare the acquisition of a complex configural visual discrimination yet impair object recognition. Behavioral Neuroscience, 124(1), 55–68. 10.1037/a0018320

Antunes, M., & Biala, G. (2012). The novel object recognition memory: neurobiology, test procedure, and its modifications. Cognitive processing, 13(2), 93–110. 10.1007/s10339-011-0430-z

Bortolozzi, A. A., Duffard, R. O., & Evangelista de Duffard, A. M. (1999). Behavioral alterations induced in rats by a pre- and postnatal exposure to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Neurotoxicology and teratology, 21(4), 451–465. 10.1016/s0892-0362(98)00059-2

Bortolozzi, A., Duffard, R., Antonelli, M., & Evangelista de Duffard, A. M. (2002). Increased sensitivity in dopamine D(2)-like brain receptors from 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)-exposed and amphetamine-challenged rats. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 965, 314–323. 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04173.x

Bortolozzi, A. A., Evangelista De Duffard, A. M., Duffard, R. O., & Antonelli, M. C. (2004). Effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid exposure on dopamine D2-like receptors in rat brain. Neurotoxicology and teratology, 26(4), 599–605. 10.1016/j.ntt.2004.04.001

Bradberry, S. M., Proudfoot, A. T., & Vale, J. A. (2004). Poisoning due to chlorophenoxy herbicides. Toxicological reviews, 23(2), 65–73. 10.2165/00139709-200423020-00001

Camina, E., & Güell, F. (2017). The Neuroanatomical, neurophysiological and psychological basis of memory: current models and their origins. Frontiers in pharmacology, 8, 438. 10.3389/fphar.2017.00438

Duffard, R., Garcia, G., Rosso, S., Bortolozzi, A., Madariaga, M., di Paolo, O., & Evangelista de Duffard, A. M. (1996). Central nervous system myelin deficit in rats exposed to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid throughout lactation. Neurotoxicology and teratology, 18(6), 691–696. 10.1016/s0892-0362(96)00087-6

Elo, H. A., & Ylitalo, P. (1979). Distribution of 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in male rats: evidence for the involvement of the central nervous system in their toxicity. Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 51(3), 439–446. 10.1016/0041-008x(79)90368-5

Elo, H. A., & MacDonald, E. (1989). Effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on biogenic amines and their acidic metabolites in brain and cerebrospinal fluid of rats. Archives of toxicology, 63(2), 127–130. 10.1007/BF00316434

Ennaceur, A., & Delacour, J. (1988). A new one-trial test for neurobiological studies of memory in rats. 1: Behavioral data. Behavioural brain research, 31(1), 47–59. 10.1016/0166-4328(88)90157-x

Ennaceur, A. (2010). One-trial object recognition in rats and mice: methodological and theoretical issues. Behavioural brain research, 215(2), 244–254. 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.12.036

Evangelista de Duffard, A. M., Brusco, A., Duffard, R., García, G., & Pecci Saavedra, J. (1995). Changes in serotonin-immunoreactivity in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei of rats exposed to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid through lactation. Molecular and chemical neuropathology, 26(2), 187–193. 10.1007/BF0281501

Ferri, A., Duffard, R., & de Duffard, A. M. (2007). Selective oxidative stress in brain areas of neonate rats exposed to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid through mother's milk. Drug and chemical toxicology, 30(1), 17–30. 10.1080/01480540601017629

Carneiro, F. F., Augusto, L. G. S., Rigotto, R. M. G., Friedrich, K., & Búrgio, A. C. (2015). Dossiê ABRASCO: um alerta sobre os impactos dos agrotóxicos na saúde. Rio de Janeiro: EPSJV; Expressão Popular. https://www.abrasco.org.br/dossieagrotoxicos/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/DossieAbrasco_2015_web.pdf

Garabrant, D. H., & Philbert, M. A. (2002). Review of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) epidemiology and toxicology. Critical reviews in toxicology, 32(4), 233–257. 10.1080/20024091064237

Grayson, B., Leger, M., Piercy, C., Adamson, L., Harte, M., & Neill, J. C. (2015). Assessment of disease-related cognitive impairments using the novel object recognition (NOR) task in rodents. Behavioural brain research, 285, 176–193. 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.10.025

Izquierdo, I., Bevilaqua, L. R., Rossato, J. I., Bonini, J. S., Medina, J. H., & Cammarota, M. (2006). Different molecular cascades in different sites of the brain control memory consolidation. Trends in neurosciences, 29(9), 496–505. 10.1016/j.tins.2006.07.005

Kandel, E. R., Dudai, Y., & Mayford, M. R. (2014). The molecular and systems biology of memory. Cell, 157(1), 163–186. 10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.001

Mazumder, A. G., Sharma, P., Patial, V., & Singh, D. (2017). Crocin attenuates kindling development and associated cognitive impairments in mice via inhibiting reactive oxygen species-mediated NF-κB activation. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology, 120(5), 426–433. 10.1111/bcpt.12694

Mello, F. A., Quinallia G., Marion. A. L., Jorge. F. C., Marinelli, L.M. Salge, A. K. M., & Rossi e Silva, R. C. (2018). Evaluation of the nasal cavity mice submitted to the inhalation exposure to the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Medicina (Ribeirão Preto, Online.), 51(4), 247-253. 10.11606/issn.2176-7262.v51i4p00-00

Pereira, A. S., Shitsuka, D. M., Parreira, F. J., Shitsuka, R. (2018). Metodologia da pesquisa científica. Ed. UFSM. https://repositorio.ufsm.br/bitstream/handle/1/15824/Lic_Computacao_Metodologia-Pesquisa-Cientifica.pdf?sequence=1.

Raina-Fulton, R. (2014). A review of methods for the analysis of orphan and difficult pesticides: glyphosate, glufosinate, quaternary ammonium and phenoxy acid herbicides, and dithiocarbamate and phthalimide fungicides. Journal of AOAC International, 97(4), 965–977. 10.5740/jaoacint.sgeraina-fulton

Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED). (2005). 2,4-D EPA 738-R-05-002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. https://archive.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/web/pdf/24d_red.pdf

R Development Core Team. (2019). R Software: a language and environment for statistical computing. http://www.r-project.org

Rosso, S. B., Di Paolo, O. A., Evangelista de Duffard, A. M., & Duffard, R. (1997). Effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on central nervous system of developmental rats. Associated changes in ganglioside pattern. Brain research, 769(1), 163–167. 10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00823-8

Rosso, S. B., Cáceres, A. O., de Duffard, A. M., Duffard, R. O. & Quiroga S. 2,4- (2000). Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid disrupts the cytoskeleton and disorganizes the Golgi apparatus of cultured neurons. Toxicol Sci., 56(1), 133‐140. 10.1093/toxsci/56.1.133

Schulze, G. E., & Dougherty, J. A. (1988). Neurobehavioral toxicity of 2,4-D-n-butyl ester (2,4-D ester): tolerance and lack of cross-tolerance. Neurotoxicology and teratology, 10(1), 75–79. 10.1016/0892-0362(88)90069-4

Song, Y. (2014). Insight into the mode of action of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) as an herbicide. Journal of integrative plant biology, 56(2), 106–113. 10.1111/jipb.12131

Tanner, C. M., Ross, G. W., Jewell, S. A., Hauser, R. A., Jankovic, J., Factor, S. A., Langston, J. W. (2009). Occupation and risk of parkinsonism: a multicenter case-control study. Archives of neurology, 66(9), 1106–1113. 10.1001/archneurol.2009.195

Tulving, E. (2002). Episodic memory: from mind to brain. Annual review of psychology, 53, 1–25. 10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135114

Ullman, M. T. (2004). Contributions of memory circuits to language: the declarative/procedural model. Cognition, 92(1-2), 231–270. 10.1016/j.cognition.2003.10.008

Vann, S. D., Tsivilis, D., Denby, C. E., Quamme, J. R., Yonelinas, A. P., Aggleton, J. P., & Mayes, A. R (2009). Impaired recollection but spared familiarity in patients with extended hippocampal system damage revealed by 3 convergent methods. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 106 (13), 5442-5447. 10.1073/pnas.0812097106

Zhang, X., Acevedo, S., Chao, Y., Chen, Z., Dinoff, T., Driver, J., & Krieger, R. (2011). Concurrent 2,4-D and triclopyr biomonitoring of backpack applicators, mixer/loader and field supervisor in forestry. Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B, Pesticides, food contaminants, and agricultural wastes, 46(4), 281–293. 10.1080/03601234.2011.559424

Downloads

Published

09/01/2021

How to Cite

UEDA, R. M. R. .; SOUZA, V. M. de; MAGALHÃES, L. R. .; GIUFFRIDA, R. .; NAI, G. A. . Alteration of object recognition memory after chronic exposure to dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in adult rats. Research, Society and Development, [S. l.], v. 10, n. 1, p. e23310111695, 2021. DOI: 10.33448/rsd-v10i1.11695. Disponível em: https://rsdjournal.org/index.php/rsd/article/view/11695. Acesso em: 25 nov. 2024.

Issue

Section

Health Sciences