Relationship between phenological and morphological characteristics of plant with popcorn races of a diversity microcenter in southern Brazil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i7.16734Keywords:
Germplasm characterization; Popcorn; Genetic diversity; Landraces; Zea mays L.Abstract
The far west region of Santa Catarina (FWSC) state in southern Brazil was indicated as a microcenter of diversity of the Zea genus. In this region, local popcorn varieties are grown in small areas, but in a significant number of farms. The present study aimed to characterize the diversity of 41 local populations from that region, based on phenology and morphological characters of plant, ear and grain. Therefore, an experimental design of complete randomized blocks with two replications was conducted. The data allowed to identify a rich diversity of popcorn in the FWSC for the characteristics of plant, ear, and grain, as well as for the phenology. For the color, 20 populations presented white grain, nine black, nine yellow, two red and one orange. Regarding the cycle, all varieties of yellow and round grains were considered hyper early/early and the varieties of white grains, intermediate/late. Average plant height varied from 1.8 to 3.2 m, while the weight of one thousand kernels varied from 80.9 to 200.4 g. The accumulated day degrees for tasseling ranged from 689.05 to 1,090.57. Based on the cluster analysis of qualitative and quantitative characters, three groups were formed, and five populations were isolated. The inclusion of plant characteristics and phenology can be an important and complementary tool for studies in popcorn races. Trends in some plant characteristics were observed within popcorn varieties with the same grain features. This result is important information for popcorn genetic breeding strategies.
References
Abdi. H., Williams, L. J. (2010). Principal Component Analysis. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews 2:1-47.
Almeida, D. J de., Silva, I. F da., Souza, R. F., Silveira, F. P. M., Santos, L. S., Malta, A. O. (2015). Influência da adubação orgânica e densidade de plantio na produção do milho pipoca. Pesquisa Agropecuária Pernambucana 20:17–21. doi: 10.12661/pap.2015.003
Amaral Júnior, A. T., de Oliveira, E. C., Gonçalves, L. S. A., Scapim, C. A., Candido, L. S., Silva, T. R. C., Vittorazzi, C., Cunha, K. S. (2011). Assessment of genetic diversity among maize accessions using inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 10:15462-15469. doi: 10.5897/AJB10.2624
Anderson, E., & Cutler, H. C. (1942). Races of Zea mays: I. Their recognition and classification. Ann Mo Bot Gard 29:69–88
Barbano, M. T., Sawazaki, E., Brunini, O., Boller, P. (2003). Base temperature and accumulated growing degree days for popcorn maize cultivars (Zea mays L.) for the sub-period sowing- flowering phase. Rev. Bras. Agromet. 11:79–84
Borras, F., Seetharaman, K., Ni Yao., Robutti, J. L., Percibaldi, N, M., Eyheraide, G. H. (2006). Relationship between popcorn composition and expansion volume and discrimination of corn types by using zein properties. Cereal Chem 83:86–92. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/CC-83-0086
Brazil (1997) Descritores mínimos do Milho (Zea mays L.) Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento. 1-10.
Costa, F. M., Silva, N. C de A., Ogliari, J. B. (2016). Maize diversity in southern Brazil: indication of a microcenter of Zea mays L. Genet Resour Crop Evol 64:681–700. doi: 10.1007/s10722-016-0391-2
Dar, T. H., Shakeel, R., Verma, S. (2018). Comparative Germplasm Characterization of Maize (Zea mays L.) in Rajouri Region of Pir Panjal Himalaya J & K (India), based on Morphological and ISSR Markers. J. Crop Sci. Biotech. 21: 43-55. doi: 10.1007/s12892-017-0128-0
Daros, M., Amaral Júnior, A.T., Pereira, M. G., Santos, F. S., Scapim, C. A., Freitas Júnior, S. P., Daher, R, F., Ávila, M. R. (2005). Correlações entre caracteres agronômicos em dois ciclos de seleção recorrente em milho-pipoca. Ciência Rural 34:1389–1394. doi: 10.1590/s0103-84782004000500010
Dofing, S. M., D‘Croz-Mason, N., Compton, M. A. T. (1991). Inheritance of expansion volume and yield in two popcorn x dent corn crosses. Crop Science, 31:715-718. doi: https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1991.0011183X003100030035x
Galvão, J. C. C., Sawazaki, E., Miranda, G. V. (2000). Comportamento de Híbridos de Milho-Pipoca em Coimbra, Minas Gerais. Revista Ceres, 47:201-2018
Gama, E. E. G., Magnavaca, R., Silva, J. B., Sans, L. M. A., Viana, P. A., Parentoni, S. N., Pacheco, C. A. P., Correa, L. A., Fernandes, F. T. (1990). Milho pipoca. Informe Agropecuário. 14:8-12.
Gonçalves, G. M. B., Mayer, L. B., Souza, R., Ogliari, J. B. (2019). Yield and popping expansion components in local popcorn varieties from Southern Brazil. Acta Agronômica. 68:213-221. doi 10.15446/acag.v68n3.69127
Goodman, M. M. & Paterniani, E. (1969). The races of maize: III. Choices of appropriate characters for racial classification. Econom. Bot., 23:265–273. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860459
Gorjanc, G., Jenko, J., Hearne, S.J., Hickey, J. M. (2016). Initiating maize pre-breeding programs using genomic selection to harnedd polygenic variation from landrace populations. BMC Genomics. 30: 1-15. doi: 10.1186/s12864-015-2345-z
Gower, J. C. (1971). A general coefficient of similarity and some of its properties. Biometrics. 27: 857-874.
Hallauer AR, Carena MJ, Miranda Filho JB (2010). Quantitative Genetics in Maize Breeding. Originally published by Iowa State University Press, 1988 3rd ed. XVI, p.664.
Hammer, Ø., Harper, D. A.T., Ryan, P. D. (2001). PAST: Paleontological Statistics Software Package for education and data analysis. Palaeontol Electron 4(1):1–9
Idikut, L., & Kara, S. N. (2011). The effects of previous plants and nitrogen rates on second crop corn. In Turkish. J. Field Crops 16:239–244.
IPGRI – International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (2000) Descriptors for maize/descriptores para maiz/descripteurs pour le maïs. International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, Rome
Kist, B.B. (2018). Annual maize book 2018. Editora Gazeta, Santa Cruz do Sul, 88p.
Kizilgeci, F., Yildirim, M., Albayrak, O., Bicer, B. T. (2018). Evaluation of Turkish maize landraces through observing their yield and agro-morphological traits for genetic improvement of new maize cultivars. Acta fytotechn zootechn. 21:31–43. doi: 10.15414/afz.2018.21.02.31-43
Lee, M. (1995). DNA markers and plant breeding programs. Advances in Agronomy, 55: 265-344. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60542-8
Merlo, E., Fornasieri, F. D., Lam-Sánchez, A. (1988). Avaliação de sete cultivares de milho pipoca (Zea mays, L.) em três densidades de semeadura. Científica, 16:245–251
Miranda, G. V., Coimbra, R. R., Godoy, C. L., Souza, L. V., Guimarães, L. J. M., Melo, A. V. (2003). Potencial de melhoramento e divergência genética de cultivares de milho-pipoca. Pesq. agropec. bras, 38:681–688. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S01100-204X2003000600003
Munhoz, R. E. F., Priori, A. J., Amaral Júnior, A. T., Scapim, C. A., Simon, G. A. (2009). Genetic distances among popcorn populations based on molecular marker and the correlations with the heterosis estimates on the hybrids made by diallel analysis. Genetics and Molecular Research 8: 321-328. doi 10.1590/S1984-70332010000400002.
Nass, L. L., & Paterniani, E. (2000). Pre-Breeding: A link between genetic resources and maize breeding. Scientia Agricola 57: 581-587. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-90162000000300035
Neto, R. F. (2013). Técnicas experimentais e suas relações com a Lei de Proteção de Cultivares. Piracicaba. Univerisdade de São Paulo. 12p.
Nobre, R. G., Liberalino Filho, J., Praça, E. F., Dias, S. N., Neto, M. F. (2000). Avaliação da qualidade de diferentes marcas comerciais de milho-pipoca. Rev Bras Eng Agrícola e Ambient 4:133–135. doi: 10.1590/s1415-43662000000100025
Olakojo, O., Olaoye, G., Akintunde, A. (2019). Performance of popcorn introductions for agronomic characters, grain yield and popping qualities in the forest and derived savannah agro-ecologies of Nigeria. Acta Agri. Slov. 114: 53-60. doi: 10.14720/aas.2019.114.1.6
Oner, F., & Gulumser, A. (2014). Determination of Some Agronomıcal Characteristics of Local Flint Corn (Zea mays L. indurata) Genotypes in The Black Sea Region of Turkey. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri, 7:1800–1804
Paraginski, R. T., Souza, N. L., Alves, G. H., Ziegler, V., Oliveira, M., Elias, M. C. (2016). Sensory and nutritional envaluation of popcorn kernels with yellow, white and red pericarps expanded in different ways. Jour. Cer. Sci. 69: 383-391. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2016.05.013
Paterniani, E., Nass, E., Santos, M. X. (2000). O valor dos recursos genéticos de milho para o Brasil – uma abordagem histórica da utilização do germoplasma. In: Udry, C. V., Duarte, W. (ed) Uma história brasileira do milho – o valor dos recursos genéticos. Paralelo 15, Brasília, pp 11- 42.
Paula, T. O. M., Gonçalves, L. S. A., Amaral Júnior, A. T., Oliveira, E. C., Silva, V. Q. R., Scapim, C. A., Lopes, A. D. (2010). Magnitude of the genetic base of commercial popcorn and in recommendation in Brazil. Crop Breed Appl Biotechnol 10:289–297. doi: 10.1590/s1984-70332010000400002
Pordesimo, L. O., Anantheswaran, R. C., Fleischmann, A. M., Lin, M. A., Hanna. (1990). Physical Properties as Indicators of Popping Characteristics of Microwave Popcorn. J Food Sci 55:1352–1355. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1990.tb03934.x
Ritchie, S. W., Hanway, J. J., Benson, G. O. (2003). Como a Planta De Milho se Desenvolve. Potafos: Informações Agronômicas nº103 (80) 1–20
Sangoi, L., Guidolin, A. F., Coimbra, J. L. M., Silva, P. R. F. (2006). Response of maize hybrids grown at different eras to plant population and tassel removal. Cienc. Rural 36: 1367-1373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782006000500004
Sawazaki, E. (2010). Milho pipoca. In: Congresso Nacional de Milho e Sorgo. http://www.abms.org.br/eventos_anteriores/cnms2010/palestras/010.pdf. Acessed 17 april 2019.
SBCS—Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo (2004) Manual de adubação e de calagem para os estados do Rio Grande do Sul e de Santa Catarina (ROLAS). Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo -Núcleo Regional Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Scapim, C. A., Pacheco, C. A. P., Tonei, A., Braccini, A. L., Pinto, R. J. B. (2002). Análise Dialélica e Heterose de populações de milho pipoca. Bragantia 61:219-230. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0006-87052002000300003
Seledes, R. M., Ogliari, J. B., Melhorança, E. A. L., Souza, R., Oliveira, W. B. S. (2019). Caracterização fenotípica de milho-pipoca conservado in situ-on farm no Extremo Oeste de Santa Catarina. Agropecuária Catarinense. 32:56-61.
Shandu, S. (2012). Genetic Diversity, Correlations and Path Coefficient Analysis in Popcorn (Zea mays L. everta). Dissertation, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 150 p.
Silva, D. F., Garcia, P. H. M., Santos, G. C. L., Farias, I. M. S. C., Pádua, G. V. G., Pereira, P. H. B., Silva, F. E., Batista, R. F., Neto, S. G., Cabral, A. M. D. (2021). Características morfológicas, melhoramento genético e densidade de plantio das culturas do sorgo e do milho: uma revisão. Research, Society and Development. 10:1-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i3.13172
Silva, N. C. A., Vidal, R., Ogliari, J. B. (2016). New popcorn races in a diversity microcenter of Zea mays L. in the Far West of Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 64:1191–1204. doi: 10.1007/s10722-016-0429-5
Silva, N. C. A., Vidal, R., Ogliari, J. B., Costich, D. E., Chen, J. (2020). Relationships among American popcorn and their links with landraces conserved in a microcenter of diversity. Genetic Resources Crop Evolution 67: 1733 – 1753. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-020-00935-2
Silva, T. A., Cantagalli, L. B., Saavedra, J., Lopes, A. D., Mangolin, C. A., Machado, M. F. P. S., Scapim, C. A. (2015). Population structure and genetic diversity of Brazilian popcorn germplasm inferred by microsatellite markers. Eletronic Journal of Biotechnology. 18: 181-187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2015.03.005
Singh, A., Singh, S. B., Dutta, S. K., Boopathi, T., Singson, L., Saha, S., Devi, M. T., Singh, N. H. (2016). Multi cob-bearing popcorn (Puakzo) maize: A unique landrace of Mizoram, North East, India. Curr. Sci. 110:1392–1393
Souza, A. M., Ethur, A. B. M., Lopes, L. F. D., Zanini, R. R. (2002). Introdução a projetos de experimentos: caderno didático. Santa Maria. 119p.
Srdić J, Milašinović ŠM, Radosavljević M, Radosavljevic, M., Kravić, N., Babić, V. (2017). Evaluation of agronomic and sensory characteristics of the popcorn kernel. J Process Energy Agric 21:185–187. doi: 10.5937/JPEA1704185S
Vendruscolo, E. C. G., Scapim, C. A., Pacheco, C. A. P., Oliveira, V. R., Braccini, A. L., Vidigal, M. C. G. (2000). Adaptabilidade e estabilidade de cultivares de milho-pipoca na região centro-sul do Brasil. Pesq. Agropec. Bras. 36:123-130. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2001000100015
Vidal, A. R. (2016). Diversidade das populações locais de milho de Anchieta e Guaraciaba, Oeste de Santa Catarina: múltiplas abordagens para sua compreensão. Thesis, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 188p.
Vidal, A. R., Silva, N. C. A., Ogliari, J. B. (2018) Old tools as new support for on farm conservation of different types of maize. Scientia Agricola. 77: 1-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-992X-2018-0091
Vilaró, M., Vidal, R., Abadie, T. (2020). Diversity of Maize Landraces in Germplasm Collections from South America. Agrociencia. 77: 1-11. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.31285/agro.24.108
Vittorazi, C., Amaral Júnior, A. T., Guimarães, A. G., Silva, F. H. L., Pena, G. F., Daher, R. F., Gerhardt, I. F. S., Oliveira, G. H. F., Santos, P. H. A. D., Souza, Y. P., Kamphorst, S. H., Lima, V. J. (2018). Evaluation of genetic variability to form heterotic groups in popcorn. Gen. Mol. Res, 17 (3): 1-17. doi: https://doi.org/10.4238/gmr18083
Wartha, C. A., Cargnelutti Filho, A., Lúcio, A. D., Follmann, D. N., Kleinpaul, J. A., Simões, F. M. (2016). Sample sizes to estimate mean values for tassel traits in maize genotypes. Genet Mol Res 15:. doi: 10.4238/gmr15049151
Winkler, E. I. G., Ferreira, F. I., Iorkzeski, E., Pereira, L. R. (1998). Avaliação de Cultivares de Milho Pipoca em Passo Fundo e Pelotas 1997/98. Agrop. Clima Temp, 2:281-288
Zinsly, J. R., Machado, J. A. (1978). Milho-pipoca. In: Melhoramento e produção de milho no Brasil. Piracicaba, ESALQ: Fundação Cargill. pp 339-3
Zsubori, Z., Gyenes-Hegyi, Z., Illés, O., Pók, I., Rácz, F., Szöke, C. (2002). Inheritance of Plant and Ear Height in Maize (Zea Mays L.). Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, 8:34–38. doi: 10.34101/actaagrar/8/3548
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Francisco Wilson Reichert Júnior; Juliana Bernardi Ogliari; Otávio Rechsteiner Maghelly; Rosenilda de Souza
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
