Chemical dependency induced by the use of benzodiazepines in senescence

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i14.22321

Keywords:

Benzodiazepines in the elderly; Benzodiazepines toxicology; Dependence on senescence.

Abstract

Due to the sedative and tranquilizer effects, the elderly use for longer than recommended, causing many unwanted effects, such as dependence. Around this, the objective of this work, by means of review, was to raise the causes of toxicology and dependence, in addition to understanding the management of drug withdrawal. Methodology: The SCIELO, LILICS, MEDLINE/PUBMED platforms and book were used, where they went through exclusion and inclusion criteria, resulting in 35 included studies. Results and Discussion: BZDs are generally safe drugs, but if used for short periods, being the most recommended for the elderly the use of BZDs with a short half-life. The great part of toxicology is cognitive and psychomotor, besides dependence. For the management of dependence, gradual reduction or assistance with other drug classes are used. Final considerations: The present study shows objectively and clearly the toxicology in the elderly, dependence and management of dependence, is one of the difficulties for the management the appearance of symptoms that resemble the return of the causes for the beginning of drug therapy.

References

Alvarenga, J. M., Giacomin, K. C., Filho, A. I. de L., Uchoa, E. & Firmo, J. O. A. (2014). Chronic use of benzodiazepines among older adults. Revista de Saúde Pública, 48(6), 866-872.

Baandrup, L., Ebdrup, B. H., Rasmussen, J. O., Lindschou, J., Gluud, C. & Glenthoj, B. Y (2018). Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users. Cochrane Database Of Systematic Reviews, 2018(3), 1-159.

Benini, A., Gottardo, R. Chiamulera, C. BertoldI, A., Zamboni, L. & Lugoboni, F. (2021). Continuous Infusion of Flamazenil in the Management of Benzodiazepines Detoxification. Front Psychiatry, 12, 1-7.

Botelho, L. L. R., Cunha, C. C. de A. & Macedo, M. (2011). O método da revisão integrativa nos estudos organizacionais. Revista Eletronica Gestão e Sociedade, 5(11), 121-136.

Brett, J. & Murnion, B. (2015). Management of benzodiazepine misuse and dependence. Australian Prescriber, 38(5), 152-155.

Calcaterra, N. E. & Barros, J. C. (2014). Classics in chemical neuroscience: diazepam (valium). ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 5(4), 253-260.

Canham, S. L., Gallo, J. & Simoni-Wastila, L. (2014). Perceptions of benzodiazepine dependence among women age 65 and older. Journal Of Gerontologia Social Work, 57(8), 872-888.

Cunha, C. D. dos A., Souza, M. C. C., Cattanio, G. A. A., Iahnn, S. R. & Lima, R. da C. (2015). Benxodiazepine use and assoociated factors in elderly in the city of Dourados, MS, Brazil. Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria, 64(3), 207-212.

Davies, E. A. & O’Mahony, M. S. (2015). Adverse drug reactions in special populations - the elderly. British Journal Of Clinical Pharmacology, 80(4), 796-807.

Danza, A., Branco, M. R., Pampín, M. L., Agorio, D., Caleri, A., Patiño, I., Casal, M. & Días, L. (2015). Benzodiazepinas y fractura de cadera: estúdio de casos y controles. Rev. Méd. Urug, Montevidéu, 31(2), 120 - 127.

Domínguez, V., Collares, M., Ormaechea, G. & Tamosiunas, G. et al. (2016). Uso racional de benzodiacepinas: hacia uma mejor prescripción. Rev. Urug, Med. Int., Montevidéu, 1(3), 14-24.

Filho, P. C. P. T., Chagas, A. R., Pinheiro, M. L. P., Lima, A. M. de J. & Durão, A. M. S. (2011). Utilização de benzodiazepínicos por idosos de uma estratégia de saúde da família: implicações para enfermagem. Escola Anna Nery, 15(3), 581-586.

Fluyau, D., Revadigar, N. & Manobianco, B. E. (2018). Challenges of the pharmacological management of benzodiazepine withdrawal, dependence, and discontinuation. Therapeutic Advances In Psychopharmacology, 8(5), 147-168.

Gage, S. B., Moride, Y., Ducruet, T. Kurth, T., Verdoux, H., Tournier, M. Pariente, A. & Bégaud, B. (2014). Benzodiazepine use and risk of Alzheimer’s disease: case-control study. BMJ, 349(092), g5205.

Gage, S. B., Bégaud, B., Bazin, F., Verdoux, H., Daetigues, J. F., Pérès, K., Kurth, T. & Pariente, A. (2012). Benzodiazepine use and risk of dementia: prospective population based study. BMJ, 345(274), e6231.

Griffen, C. E., Kaye, M. A., Bueno, F. R. & Kaye, L. D. (2013). Benzodiazapine pharmacology and central nervos system-mediadted effectes. Ochsner J, 13(2), 214-233.

Hood, S. D., Norman, A., Hince, D. A., Melichar, J. K. & Hulse, G. K. (2014). Benzodiazepine dependesse and its treatment with low dose flumazenil. British Journal Clinical Pharmacology, 77(2), 285-294.

Jacob, L., Raapp, M. A. & Kostev, K. (2017). Long-term use of benzodiazepines in older patientis in Germany: a retrospective analysus. Therapeutic Advances In Psychopharmacology, 7(6-7), 191-200.

Janhser, K., Roser, P. & Hoffmann, K. (2015). The Problems of Long-Term Treatment With Benzodiazepines and Related Substances. Deutsches Aerzteblatt Online, 12(1-2), 1-7.

Jiang, Y., Xia, Q., Wang, J., Zhou, P., Jiang, S., Diwan, V. K. & Xu, B. (2019). Insomnia, Benzodiazepine Use, andFalls among Residents in Long-term Care Facilities. International Journal Of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(23), p. 1-11.

Kang, M., Galuska. M. A. & Ghassemzadh, S. (2021) Benzodiazepine Toxicity. In: StartPearls. Treasure Island (FL); StatPearl Publishing. Pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29489152/

Katzung, B. G., Masters, S. B. & Trevor, A. J. (2014). Farmacologia básica e clínica. (12a ed.), AMGH.

Lader, M. (2014). Benzodiazepine harm: how can it be reduced?. BR J Clin Pharmacol, 77(2), 295- 301.

Marsden, J., White, M., Annand, F., Burkinshaw, P., Carville, S., Eastwood, B., Kelleher, M., Knight, J., O’Connor, R., Tran, A., Willey, P., Greaves, F. & Taylor, S. (2019). Medicines associated with dependence or withdrawal: a mixed-methods public health review and national database study in england. The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(11), 935-950.

Neft, M. W., Oerther, S., Halloway, S., Hanneman, S. K. & Mitchell, A. M. (2019). Benzodiazepine and antipsychotic medication use in older adults. Nurs Open. Nursing Open, 7(1), 4-6.

Olsen, R. W. (2018). GabaA receptor: Positive and negativo allosteric modulators. Neuropharmacology, 136(Pt A),10-22.

Pomara, N., Lee, S. H., Bruno, D., Silber, T., Greenclatt, D. J., Petkova, E. & Sidtis, J. J. (2015). Adverse performance effects of acute lorazepam administration in elderly long-term users: pharmacokinetic and clinical predictors. Progress In NEuro-Psychopharmacology And Biological Psychiatry, 56, 129-135.

Schallember, J. B. & Colet, C. F. (2016). Assessmet of dependence and anxiety among benzodiazepine users in a provincial municipality in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Trends In Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 38(2), 63-70.

Reeves, R. R. & Kamal, A. (2019). Complicated Withdrawal Phenomena During Benzodiazepine Cessation in Older Adults. Journal Of Osteopathic Medicine, 119(5), 327-331.

Rosas-Gutierrez, I., Simon-Arceo, K. & Mercado, F. (2013). Mecanismo celular y molecular de la adiccion a benzodiacepinas. Salud Ment, 36(4), 325-329.

Tajiri, K. & Shimizu, Y. (2013). Liver physiology and liver diseases in the elderly. World Journal Of Gastroenterology, 19(46), 8459-8467.

Torres-Bondia, F., Batller, J. de, Galván, L., Buti, M., Barbé, F. & Piñol-Ripoll, G. (2020). Trends in the consumumption rates of benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine-related drugs in the health region of Lleida from 2002 to 2015. BMC public health, 20(1), 1-9.

Tseng, L. Y., Huang, S. T., Peng, L. N., Chen, L. K. & Hsiao, F. Y. (2019). Benzodiazepines, z-Hypnotics, and Risk of dementia: Special Considerations of Half-Lives and Concomitant Use. Neurotherapeutics: the jornal of the American Society for Experimental Neuro Therapeutics, 17(1), 156-164.

Vila, J. V., Vila, M. D. M. V., Ibáñez, L. S., Zaragoza, J. A. A. & Royo, L. M. (2012). Adecuación de la utilización de benzodiazepinas em anciano desde la oficina de farmácia. Um estúdio de colaboración médico-farmacéutico. Atención Primaria, 44(7), 402-410.

Vinckenbosch, F. R. J., Vermeeren, A., Vuurman, E. F. P. M., Sluiszen, N. N. J. J. M. D., Verster, J. C., Loo, A. J. A. E. V., Dijken, J. H. V., Veldstra, J. L., Brookhuis, K. A., Waard, D. & Ramaekers, J. G. (2021). Na explorative approach to understanding individual diferences in driving performance and neurocognition in long-term benzodiazepine users. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 36(4), 1-17.

Vinkers, C. H. & Olivier, B. (2012). Mechanisms Underlying Tolerance after Long-Term Benzodiazepine Use: A Future for Subtype-Selective GABA (A) Receptor Modulators?. Advances In Pharmacological Sciences, 2012, 1-19.

Published

10/11/2021

How to Cite

SILVA, A. A. da .; SOUZA, G. O. de . Chemical dependency induced by the use of benzodiazepines in senescence. Research, Society and Development, [S. l.], v. 10, n. 14, p. e476101422321, 2021. DOI: 10.33448/rsd-v10i14.22321. Disponível em: https://rsdjournal.org/index.php/rsd/article/view/22321. Acesso em: 4 oct. 2024.

Issue

Section

Review Article