COVID-19: Effects of the pandemic on the emergence of psychiatric conditions among intensive Care Unit Nurses

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i15.22749

Keywords:

SARS-CoV-2; Intensive Therapy Units; Health care; Nursing care; Mental health.

Abstract

Introduction: Frontline nurses face an enormous workload, long-term fatigue, threat of infection, and frustration with the death of patients they care for. Objective: To investigate the current evidence on the emergence of psychiatric conditions in nurses working in Intensive Care Units during the Covid-19 pandemic. Methodology: Integrative review study with systematic search, performed in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Wiley, and Virtual Health Library (VHL) databases. Inclusion criteria were: (1) electronic articles, (2) available in full, (3) in Portuguese, English and/or Spanish. Abstracts, letters to the editor and studies that were not related to the theme were excluded. Results: After applying the eligibility criteria, 21 articles were included in the study. The main risk factors found were: Work in critical care for patients with Covid-19, Use of biosafety equipment, Hospital infrastructure; Inadequate provision of Personal Protective Equipment, Age, gender, marital status, specialty and proximity to Covid-19 patients; Impossibility to meet the psycho-social-emotional needs of patients and families; Difficulty in externalizing your emotions; Lack of professional experience and Fear of contracting the virus and infecting others. The main risk factors for the outcomes mentioned above were: Emotional exhaustion; Psychological stress; anxiety; insomnia; fear; anger and frustration. Conclusions: The nurses working in the ICU during the Covid-19 pandemic presented psychiatric disorders, with emotional stress as the main causal factors, generated by structural and organizational inadequacies in health institutions.

Author Biographies

Leonel Francisco de Oliveira Freire, Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte

Bacharel em Nutrição pelo Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará (IFCE). Mestrando do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Sociedade da Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte (UERN). Mossoró / RN.

Stheshy Vieira e Souza, Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte

Cirurgiã-Dentista pela Faculdade Integrada de Patos (FIP). Mestranda do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Sociedade da Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte (UERN). Mossoró / RN.

Marcos Daniel Oliveira e Silva, Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte

Enfermeiro pela Universidade Potiguar (UNP). Mestrando do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Sociedade da Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte (UERN). Mossoró / RN.

Dayane Pessoa de Araujo, Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte

Doutora em Farmacologia pela Universidade Federal do Ceará. Docente do curso de enfermagem da Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte.

Maria Jussara Medeiros Nunes, Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte

Bacharelado e licenciatura em Enfermagem pela Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Mestranda do Programa de Pós Graduação em Saúde e Sociedade da Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte.

Jean Carlos Souza Silva, Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte

Mestre em Ciências Fisiológicas - Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde - Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte.

Antonio William do Nascimento Fernandes, Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte

Enfermeiro pela Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Mestrando do Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas da Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte.

Danielle Christina Lino Leal, Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte

Graduação em Odontologia pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN (2009). Especialista em Periodontia pela Coesp / PB (2011) e em Implantodontia pela ABO / RN (2015). Mestra pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Sociedade da Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte (PPGSS - UERN).

Isabela Pinheiro Cavalcanti Lima, Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte

Doutora em Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN). Professor do Curso de Odontologia da Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte (UERN). Professora do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Sociedade da Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte (PPGSS / UERN).

References

Altmayer, V., Weiss, N., Ph, D., Cao, A., Demeret, S., Rohaut, B., & Ph, D. (2020). Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID- 19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company ’ s public news and information. January.

Azoulay, E., Cariou, A., Bruneel, F., Demoule, A., Kouatchet, A., Reuter, D., Souppart, V., Combes, A., Klouche, K., Argaud, L., Barbier, F., Jourdain, M., Reignier, J., Papazian, L., Guidet, B., Geri, G., Resche-Rigon, M., Guisset, O., Labbe, V., & Kentish-Barnes, N. (2020). Symptoms of anxiety, depression, and peritraumatic dissociation in critical care clinicians managing patients with COVID-19 a cross-sectional study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 202(10), 1388–1398. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202006-2568OC

Bahadir-Yilmaz, E., & Yüksel, A. (2020). State anxiety levels of nurses providing care to patients with COVID-19 in Turkey. Perspect. Psychiatr. Care, October. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12661

Bates, A., Ottaway, J., Moyses, H., Perrrow, M., Rushbrook, S., & Cusack, R. (2020). Psychological impact of caring for critically ill patients during the Covid-19 pandemic and recommendations for staff support. J. Intensive Care Soc., 0(0), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/1751143720965109

Bohlken, J., Schömig, F., Lemke, M. R., Pumberger, M., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2020). COVID-19-Pandemie: Belastungen des medizinischen Personals. Psychiatr. Prax., 47(04), 190–197. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1159-5551

Brasil, M. da S. (2020). Diagnóstico e Tratamento da COVID-19 TRATAMENTO. Secretaria De Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovação E Insumos Estratégicos Em Saúde, 1, 1–398.

Carrasco, O., Castillo, E., Salas, R., & Reyes, C. (2020). Estresores laborales y satisfacción en enfermeras peruanas durante la pandemia de COVID – 19. Scielo Prepr., 1(1), 1–14. https://preprints.scielo.org/index.php/scielo/preprint/view/1468/2323

Carroll, R., Feeley, T., Tan, M. H., Magner, C., Estrange, K. L., Efrimescu, C., Connor, E. O., Lyons, B., & Crowe, S. (2020). Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID- 19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company ’ s public news and information. January. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2020.09.0

Choi, K. R., Skrine Jeffers, K., & Cynthia Logsdon, M. (2020). Nursing and the novel coronavirus: Risks and responsibilities in a global outbreak. J. Adv. Nurs., 76(7), 1486–1487. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14369

Chrizostimo, M. M. (2021). Formação profissional de enfermeiro gerontológico : revisão integrativa Professional training of gerontological nurses : integrative review Formación profesional de enfermeras gerontológicas : revisión integradora. 2021, 1–13.

Crowe, S., Howard, A. F., Vanderspank-wright, B., Gillis, P., & Mcleod, F. (2020). Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID- 19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company’ s public news and information. January.

Duarte, M., Silva, D., & Bagatini, M. (2021). Enfermagem e saúde mental: uma reflexão em meio à pandemia do coronavírus. Rev. Gaúcha Enferm., 42.

Feeley, T., Ffrench-O’Carroll, R., Tan, M. H., Magner, C., L’Estrange, K., O’Rathallaigh, E., Whelan, S., Lyons, B., & O’Connor, E. (2021). A model for occupational stress amongst paediatric and adult critical care staff during COVID-19 pandemic. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-021-01670-6

Ferguson, N. M., Laydon, D., Nedjati-Gilani, G., Imai, N., Ainslie, K., Baguelin, M., Bhatia, S., Boonyasiri, A., Cucunubá, Z., Cuomo-Dannenburg, G., & Dighe, A. (2020). Report 9 - Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID-19 mortality and healthcare demand | Faculty of Medicine | Imperial College London. Imp. Coll. COVID Response Team, March, 20. https://doi.org/10.25561/77482

Freire, L. F. de O., Cursino, M. A., Leal, D. C. L., Morais, A. de F., Regis, M. da S., Lima, I. P. C., Leal, R. M. S., & Silva, M. G. da. (2021). Pandemia COVID-19: efeitos do distanciamento social no comportamento alimentar de estudantes do estado do Ceará. Research, Society and Development, 10(11), e47101119185. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i11.19185

González-Gil, M. T. et al. (2020). Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID- 19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company’ s public news and information. Intensive Crit. Care Nurs., January. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102966

Ide, K., Asami, T., Suda, A., Yoshimi, A., Fujita, J., Nomoto, M., Roppongi, T., Hino, K., Takahashi, Y., Watanabe, K., Shimada, T., Hamasaki, T., Endo, E., Kaneko, T., Suzuki, M., Kubota, K., Saigusa, Y., Kato, H., Odawara, T., … Hishimoto, A. (2021). The psychological effects of COVID-19 on hospital workers at the beginning of the outbreak with a large disease cluster on the Diamond Princess cruise ship. PLoS One, 16(1 January), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245294

Jackson, D., Bradbury-Jones, C., Baptiste, D., Gelling, L., Morin, K., Neville, S., & Smith, G. D. (2020). Life in the pandemic: Some reflections on nursing in the context of COVID-19. J. Clin. Nurs., 29(13–14), 2041–2043. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15257

Jafarabadi, M. A., Vahedian-Azimi, A., Rahimibashar, F., Guest, P. C., Karimi, L., & Sahebkar, A. (2021). Psychometric Evaluation of Stress in 17,414 Critical Care Unit Nurses: Effects of Age, Gender, and Working Conditions. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 1286, 199–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55035-6_14

Karabulut, N., Gürçayır, D., Yaman Aktaş, Y., Kara, A., Kızıloğlu, B., Arslan, B., & Bölükbaş, N. (2021). The effect of perceived stress on anxiety and sleep quality among healthcare professionals in intensive care units during the coronavirus pandemic. Psychol. Heal. Med., 26(1), 119–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1856897

Koh, D. (2020). Occupational risks for COVID-19 infection. Occup. Med. (Chic. Ill)., 70(1), 3–5. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaa036

Lapum, J., Nguyen, M., Fredericks, S., Lai, S., & McShane, J. (2021). “Goodbye …Through a Glass Door”: Emotional Experiences of Working in COVID-19 Acute Care Hospital Environments. Can. J. Nurs. Res., 53(1), 5–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/0844562120982420

Miranda, F. M. D., Santana, L. de L., Pizzolato, A. C., & Saquis, L. M. M. (2020). Working conditions and the impact on the health of the nursing professionals in the context of covid-19. Cogitare Enferm., 25, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.5380/ce.v25i0.72702

Mo, Y., Deng, L., Zhang, L., Lang, Q., Liao, C., Wang, N., Qin, M., & Huang, H. (2020). Work stress among Chinese nurses to support Wuhan in fighting against COVID-19 epidemic. J. Nurs. Manag., 28(5), 1002–1009. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13014

Shen X, Zou X, Zhong X, Yan J, & Li L. (2020). Psychological stress of ICU nurses in the time of COVID-19. Critical care[revista en internet] 2020 [acceso 09 de junio del 2020]; 24(1): 200. Crit. Care, 2–4. https://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s13054-020-02926-2

Souza e Souza, L. P., & de Souza, A. G. (2020). Enfermagem brasileira na linha de frente contra o novo Coronavírus: quem cuidará de quem cuida? J. Nurs. Heal., 10(4). https://doi.org/10.15210/jonah.v10i4.18444

Teixeira, C. F. de S., Soares, C. M., Souza, E. A., Lisboa, E. S., Pinto, I. C. de M., de Andrade, L. R., & Espiridião, M. A. (2020). The health of healthcare professionals coping with the covid-19 pandemic. Cienc. e Saude Coletiva, 25(9), 3465–3474. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020259.19562020

Vitale, E., Galatola, V., & Mea, R. (2020). Exploring within and between gender differences in burnout levels in Italian nurses engaged in the cOviD-19 health emergency: A cohort observational study. Minerva Psichiatr., 61(4), 162–170. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0391-1772.20.02090-7

Xie, H., Cheng, X., Song, X., Wu, W., Chen, J., Xi, Z., & Shou, K. (2020). Investigation of the Psychological disorders in the healthcare nurses during a coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in China. Medicine (Baltimore)., 99(34), e21662. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000021662

Zheng, R., Zhou, Y., Fu, Y., Xiang, Q., Cheng, F., & Chen, H. (2020). Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID- 19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company’ s public news and information. January.

Downloads

Published

21/11/2021

How to Cite

AIRES, A. I. B. E. .; FREIRE, L. F. de O. .; SOUZA, S. V. e .; SILVA, M. D. O. e .; ARAUJO, D. P. de .; NUNES, M. J. M. .; SILVA, J. C. S. .; FERNANDES, A. W. do N. .; LEAL, D. C. L. .; LIMA, I. P. C. . COVID-19: Effects of the pandemic on the emergence of psychiatric conditions among intensive Care Unit Nurses. Research, Society and Development, [S. l.], v. 10, n. 15, p. e125101522749, 2021. DOI: 10.33448/rsd-v10i15.22749. Disponível em: https://rsdjournal.org/index.php/rsd/article/view/22749. Acesso em: 30 nov. 2024.

Issue

Vol. 10 No. 15

Section

Health Sciences

License

Copyright (c) 2021 Anne Itamara Benigna Evangelista Aires; Leonel Francisco de Oliveira Freire; Stheshy Vieira e Souza; Marcos Daniel Oliveira e Silva; Dayane Pessoa de Araujo; Maria Jussara Medeiros Nunes; Jean Carlos Souza Silva; Antonio William do Nascimento Fernandes; Danielle Christina Lino Leal; Isabela Pinheiro Cavalcanti Lima

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.

2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.

3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.