Anosmia as a clinical predictor to non-fatal COVID-19 case and better survivability

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i2.24661

Keywords:

Anosmia; Pathophysiology; Mortality; COVID-19.

Abstract

Recently, a respiratory infectious disease labeled as COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 had taken over the world by storm. This RNA virus can cause various symptoms such as malaise, anosmia, ageusia, fever, cough, headache, myalgia, diarrhea, and ARDS. COVID-19 patients have specific symptoms such as fever. In another study, it was said that anosmia could be a benchmark for screening for COVID-19. in a study of young patients and was more common in women. The average onset of anosmia occurs on day 4 after infection and lasts for 8 days. the evidence says that this disease can cause a decrease in a person's quality of life. The exact cause of anosmia is still unknown, but several theories suggest that anosmia can occur due to damage to nerve receptors, inflammation of olfactory epithelial cells, and dysfunction of nerve receptors. The popular theory is that anosmia occurs due to inflammation of the olfactory epithelial cells, thereby damaging the olfactory receptors. The inflammation blocks odors from reaching the nasal mucosa and can inhibit receptor excitability and signal transduction. Anosmia may be associated with lower hospital mortality rates. However, further research and discovery is needed to fully grasp the pathophysiological concept of COVID-19 induced anosmia. This review will discuss the pathophysiology and review the lower anosmia mortality rate. This article reviews current understandings about the pathophysiology of anosmia and its potential as a marker towards better clinical prognosis. This narrative review aims to provide knowledge about updates regarding the pathophysiology of anosmia as a clinical predictor of mild and severe COVID-19 symptoms.

References

A, W., C, H., & P, S. (2020). Use of Google Trends to investigate loss-of-smell-related searches during the COVID-19 outbreak. International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology, 10(7), 839–847. https://doi.org/10.1002/ALR.22580

Ahmad, I., & Rathore, F. A. (2020). Neurological manifestations and complications of COVID-19: A literature review. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 77, 8–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JOCN.2020.05.017

Boesveldt, S., Postma, E. M., Boak, D., Welge-Luessen, A., Schöpf, V., Mainland, J. D., Martens, J., Ngai, J., & Duffy, V. B. (2017). Anosmia—A Clinical Review. Chemical Senses, 42(7), 513. https://doi.org/10.1093/CHEMSE/BJX025

Branigan, B., & Tadi, P. (2021). Physiology, Olfactory. StatPearls.

Butowt, R., & Bartheld, C. S. von. (2020). Anosmia in COVID-19: Underlying Mechanisms and Assessment of an Olfactory Route to Brain Infection. The Neuroscientist. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858420956905

Cascella, M., Rajnik, M., Aleem, A., Dulebohn, S. C., & Napoli, R. Di. (2021). Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of Coronavirus (COVID-19). StatPearls.

da Silva Júnior, P. R., Gomes, A. L. O. R., Coelho, L. E. A., Morais, M. A., de Almeida, P. V. F. C., Neri, W. J. R., Mascena, G. V., & de Farias Leal, A. A. (2021). Anosmia and COVID-19: perspectives on its association and the pathophysiological mechanisms involved. The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery. 57:1, 57(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/S41983-020-00266-0

Elkholi, S. M. A., Abdelwahab, M. K., & Abdelhafeez, M. (2021). Impact of the smell loss on the quality of life and adopted coping strategies in COVID-19 patients. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 278:9, 278(9), 3307–3314. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00405-020-06575-7

Guan, W., Ni, Z., Hu, Y., Liang, W., Ou, C., He, J., Liu, L., Shan, H., Lei, C., Hui, D. S. C., Du, B., Li, L., Zeng, G., Yuen, K.-Y., Chen, R., Tang, C., Wang, T., Chen, P., Xiang, J., … Zhong, N. (2020). Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. Https://Doi.Org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032, 382(18), 1708–1720. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMOA2002032

Heidari, Karimi, Firouzifar, Khamushian, Ansari, Ardehali, M., & Heidari. (2020). Anosmia as a prominent symptom of COVID-19 infection. Rhinology, 58(3), 302–303. https://doi.org/10.4193/RHIN20.140

Klopfenstein, T., Kadiane-Oussou, N. J., Toko, L., Royer, P.-Y., Lepiller, Q., Gendrin, V., & Zayet, S. (2020). Features of anosmia in COVID-19. Medecine et Maladies Infectieuses, 50(5), 436. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MEDMAL.2020.04.006

Lao, W. P., Imam, S. A., & Nguyen, S. A. (2020). Anosmia, hyposmia, and dysgeusia as indicators for positive SARS-CoV-2 infection. World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 6(Suppl 1), S22. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WJORL.2020.04.001

Lechien, J. R., Chiesa-Estomba, C. M., De Siati, D. R., Horoi, M., Le Bon, S. D., Rodriguez, A., Dequanter, D., Blecic, S., El Afia, F., Distinguin, L., Chekkoury-Idrissi, Y., Hans, S., Delgado, I. L., Calvo-Henriquez, C., Lavigne, P., Falanga, C., Barillari, M. R., Cammaroto, G., Khalife, M., … Saussez, S. (2020). Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 277:8, 277(8), 2251–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00405-020-05965-1

Li, X., & Lui, F. (2021). Anosmia. The Journal of Laryngology, Rhinology, and Otology, 15(11), 579–81.

Meng, X., Deng, Y., Dai, Z., & Meng, Z. (2020). COVID-19 and anosmia: A review based on up-to-date knowledge. American Journal of Otolaryngology, 41(5), 102581. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AMJOTO.2020.102581

MK, G., J, G., M, B., AS, N., & S, H. (2020). Olfactory Bulb Magnetic Resonance Imaging in SARS-CoV-2-Induced Anosmia: The First Report. Academic Radiology, 27(6), 892–893. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ACRA.2020.04.002

Naz, S., Hanif, M., Haider, M. A., Ali, M. J., Ahmed, M. U., & Saleem, S. (2020). Meningitis as an Initial Presentation of COVID-19: A Case Report. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 474. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPUBH.2020.00474

Nef, P. (1998). How we smell: The molecular and cellular bases of olfaction. News in Physiological Sciences, 13(February 1998), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.1998.13.1.1

Pusswald, G., Auff, E., & Lehrner, J. (2012). Development of a brief self-report inventory to measure olfactory dysfunction and quality of life in patients with problems with the sense of smell. Chemosensory Perception, 5(3–4), 292–299. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12078-012-9127-7

SB, G., C, K., & C, H. (2020). Isolated sudden onset anosmia in COVID-19 infection. A novel syndrome? Rhinology, 58(3), 299–301. https://doi.org/10.4193/RHIN20.114

Singhal, T. (2020). A Review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 87(4), 281. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12098-020-03263-6

Urata, Maruyama, Kishimoto-Urata, Sattler, Cook, Lin, Yamasoba, Makishima, & Paessler. (2021). Regeneration Profiles of Olfactory Epithelium after SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Golden Syrian Hamsters. ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.1021/ACSCHEMNEURO.0C00649

Vaira, L. A., Salzano, G., Deiana, G., & Riu, G. De. (2020). Anosmia and Ageusia: Common Findings in COVID‐19 Patients. The Laryngoscope, 130(7), 1787. https://doi.org/10.1002/LARY.28692

Whitcroft, K. L., & Hummel, T. (2020). Olfactory Dysfunction in COVID-19: Diagnosis and Management. JAMA, 323(24), 2512–2514. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMA.2020.8391

WHO. (2021). Coronavirus. WHO.

Yuki, K., Fujiogi, M., & Koutsogiannaki, S. (2020). COVID-19 pathophysiology: A review. Clinical Immunology (Orlando, Fla.), 215, 108427. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CLIM.2020.108427

Zou, X., Chen, K., Zou, J., Han, P., Hao, J., & Han, Z. (2020). Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection. Frontiers of Medicine, 14(2), 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-020-0754-0

Downloads

Published

21/01/2022

How to Cite

WEISNAWA, I. G. P. .; SUSILAWATHI, N. M. .; PURNAMASIDHI, C. A. W.; PURNAMA, G. V. .; ADIPUTRA, I. K. H. .; SUTEJA, R. C. .; JERRY, J.; WULANDARI , P. K. . Anosmia as a clinical predictor to non-fatal COVID-19 case and better survivability . Research, Society and Development, [S. l.], v. 11, n. 2, p. e14811224661, 2022. DOI: 10.33448/rsd-v11i2.24661. Disponível em: https://rsdjournal.org/index.php/rsd/article/view/24661. Acesso em: 22 dec. 2024.

Issue

Vol. 11 No. 2

Section

Review Article

License

Copyright (c) 2022 I Gede Purna Weisnawa; Ni Made Susilawathi; Cokorda Agung Wahyu Purnamasidhi; Giovanca Verentzia Purnama; I Komang Hotra Adiputra; Richard Christian Suteja; Jerry Jerry; Putu Kintan Wulandari

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.

2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.

3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.