Green thermoplastic vulcanized based on recycled polyethylene and waste tire powder
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i4.27421Keywords:
Thermoplastic elastomers; Dynamic vulcanization; Recycling; Polyethylene; Waste tire.Abstract
ThermoPlastic Vulcanized (TPV) is a class of polymeric materials capable of combining the high elasticity of elastomers with the recycling of thermoplastics. The production of TPV with recycled material contributes to the reduction of polymeric waste on the planet, reducing its environmental impact. In this study, recycled TPV samples were produced by combining recycled polyethylene and waste tire powder. The TPV samples were obtained in an internal mixer, changing the processing conditions, during the vulcanization and stabilization stages of the final torque. The results showed that by reducing the processing speed from 60 to 40 rpm, TPV samples were obtained with higher tensile strength and low swelling in oil. ANOVA statistical analysis confirmed that significant changes occurred due to processing speed variations. The DUNCAN mean parity statistical model was used for comparisons between pairs of TPV samples. Frequency sweeping rheological analysis confirmed the effect of adding tire powder on the samples’ elastic modulus. There were no changes in the viscous and elastic modules of the samples. The absence of significant changes in the final morphology of the TPV samples was attributed to the tire powder size. The increased properties of TPV samples are attributed to new crosslinking of the elastomeric phase during dynamic vulcanization.
References
Araujo, E. M. et. al. (1997), Propriedades mecânicas de blendas de PS/Resíduo de borracha – influencia da concentração, granulometria e método de moldagem. Polímeros, 17, 58-63.
Carvalho, A. P. A. & Sirqueira, A. S. (2016), Effect of compatibilization in situ on PA/SEBS blends. Polimeros, 26(2), 123-128.
Carvalho, A. P. A., et. al (2018), Effects of Rotor Speed on Peroxide / Bismaleimide Cured Polypropylene / Nitrile Rubber Thermoplastic Vulcanizates ( TPV samples). Materials Research, 21(5), 1-5.
Celestino, M. L., Oliveira, M., Sirqueira, A. S. & Soares, B. G. (2009), Acrylic rubber/nitrile rubber blends: The effect of curatives on the mechanical, morphological, and dynamic mechanical properties. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 113 (2),721-729.
Chatterjee, T., Basu, D. & Das, A.(2016), Super thermoplastic vulcanizates based on carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber ( XNBR ) and polyamide (PA12). Eur. Polym. J.,78, 235–252.
Coran, A. Y. & Patel, R. (1980), Rubber thermoplastic compositions. Part I. EPDM-polypropylene thermoplastic vulcanizates. Rubber Chem. Technol., 53, 141–150.
Cossa, M. M., Sirqueira, A. S. & Soares, B. G. (2009), Development of thermoplastic elastomers vulcanized (TPV) with polypropylene waste tire. I - Factorial design experiments. Polimeros, 19, 3-7.
Leite, P. R. S., Soares, B. G. & Sirqueira, A. S. (2011), Dynamically vulcanized polypropylene/styrene-butadiene rubber blends: The effect of a peroxide/bismaleimide curing system and composition. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 120(2), 981-990.
Li, S. et. al. (2017), Morphology development of POE / PP thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) during dynamic vulcanization. Eur. Polym. J.,93, 590-601.
Lima, P. S. B., Estudo da polimerização do estireno com incorporação in situ de pneu reciclado. Dissertaçaão de Mestrado, UFRJ, 2016.
Lyer, K. A., Doufas,, A., & Sunagatullina, D. R. (2021), Thermoplastic elastomers based on 4-methyl-1-pentene polymers. Polymer, 238 (3), 124423.
Magioli, M., Sirqueira, A. S. & Soares, B. G. (2010), The effect of dynamic vulcanization on the mechanical, dynamic mechanical and fatigue properties of TPV based on polypropylene and ground tire rubber. Polym. Test, 29(7), 840-848 .
Minale, M. (2010), Models for the deformation of a single ellipsoidal drop : a review. Rheol. act.,789–806, 2010.
Mondal, S. & Khastgir, D. (2017), Evaluation of carbon black distribution in different phases of compatible blend of EVA/NBR through electrical, mechanical and morphological test. Polym. Test, 58, 404-413.
Montgomery, D. C. & Runger, G. C., Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, (2a ed.), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1999
Moreira, V. X. & Soares, B. G. (2002), Study of utilization of ground EVA waste as filler in NBR vulcanizates. Polymers and Polymer Composites, 10(5), 381-390.
Naderi, G., Nouri, M. R. & Mehrabzadeh, M. (1999), Studies on dynamic vulcanization of PP NBR thermoplastic elastomer blends. Iranian Polymer Journal, 8(1), 37-42.
Nascar, K. & Noordermeer, J. W. M. (2004), Dynamically vulcanized PP/EPDM blends: multifuncional peroxide as crosslinking agents - Part I. Rubber Chem. Technol., 77, 955–971.
Naskar, K., Gohs, U. & Wagenknecht, U. (2009), PP/EPDM thermoplastic vulcanisates (TPV samples) by eletron induced reactive processing. Express Polym. Lett., 3, 677–683.
Ning, N., Li, S. & Wu, H. (2018), Progress in Polymer Science relationship of thermoplastic vulcanizates ( TPV samples ): A review. Prog. Polym. Sci., 79,61–97.
Ranjbar, B.; Mirzazadeh, H. & Katbab (2012), In Situ Dynamic Vulcanization Process in Preparation of Electrically Conductive PP / EPDM Thermoplastic Vulcanizate / Expanded Graphite Nanocomposites: Effects of State of Cure. Applied polymer science, 123(1), 32-40.
Schramm, Reologia e reometria: Fundamentos teóricos e práticos, 1 Edição. São Paulo: Artliber, 2006.
Shen, E. & Wen, J. S. (2013), The network and properties of the NR/SBR vulcanizate modified by electron beam irradiaton. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 92, 99–104.
Silva, J., Machado, A. V. & Maia, J. (2007), “Rheological behavior of compatibilized and non-compatibilized PA6 / EPM blends. Rheologica acta,46(8), 1091–1097.
Soares, B. G. et. al. (2007), The characterization of PP/NBR blends by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS): The effect of composition and dynamic vulcanization. Polym. Test.,26(1), 88-94.
Soares, B. G. et. al. (2008), Dynamically vulcanized polypropylene/nitrile rubber blends: The effect of peroxide/bis-maleimide curing system and different compatibilizing systems. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 110(6), 3566-3573.
Soares, B. G., Almeida, M. S. M. & Leyva, M. E. (2006), Mechanical and morphological properties of polypropylene/nitrile butadiene rubber compatibilized vulcanizates. Kautschuk Gummi Kunststoffe, 3, 110-114.
Soares, B. G., Santos, D. M. & Sirqueira, A. S. (2008), A novel thermoplastic elastomer based on dynamically vulcanized polypropylene/acrylic rubber blends. Express Polym. Lett., 2(8), 602-613.
Tian, M., et. al. (2012), Dramatic influence of compatibility on crystallization behavior and morphology of polypropylene in NBR/PP thermoplastic vulcanizates. J. Polym. Res., 11,745-749.
Yuliestyan, A., Cuadri, A. A. & Partal, P. (2016), In fl uence of polymer melting point and Melt Flow Index on the performance of ethylene-vinyl-acetate modi fi ed bitumen for reduced-temperature application. JMADE, 96, 180–188.
Zhao, Y., Liu, Z, & Su, B. (2015), Property enhancement of PP-EPDM thermoplastic vulcanizates via shear-induced break-up of nano-rubber aggregates and molecular orientation of the matrix. Polymer, 63, 170–178.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Lucas Barros da Costa; Renata Nunes Oliveira; Alex da Silva Sirqueira
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
