Use of antiparasitic and antimicrobial drugs during Covid-19 pandemic
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i8.30660Keywords:
COVID-19; Antiparasitics; Azithromycin.Abstract
It was performed an analysis of the dispensing of antiparasitic and antimicrobial drugs during the Covid-19 pandemic, comparing the profile of use of these drugs in previous periods and during the pandemic and identifying self-medication in the use of these drugs. Data collection was carried out at the family pharmacy in the city of Vitória da Conquista, Bahia. The instruments used to obtain data for the research was the HORUS System. Data on the dispensing of Ivermectin, Azithromycin, Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine distributed by the city during the Years of 2018, 2020 and 2021 were collected to compare the profile of drug use before the pandemic and during the Covid-19 pandemic. A total of 12,791 prescriptions for ivermectin, azithromycin, hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine were identified, of which 11,338 (88.6%) came from establishments linked to the SUS. The remainder, 1,453 (11.4%), were from private network establishments. The drugs azithromycin, ivermectin and hydroxychloroquine showed an increase in dispensations in the municipality and this increase correlated with the increase in the number of positive cases for Covid-19 in this city. In this way, evaluating the profile of use of these drugs will make it possible, in the future, to understand the impacts of the pandemic on the health of the population, and will contribute to devising effective strategies to minimize possible long-term effects.
References
Al-bari, M. A. (2015). Chloroquine analogues in drug discovery: new directions of uses, mechanisms of actions and toxic manifestations from malaria to multifarious diseases. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70(6):1608-21
Agora RN (2020). Secretaria de saúde de Natal recomenda usar ivermectina para prevenir e tratar coronavírus. https://agorarn.com.br/geral/secretaria-de-saude-de-natal-recomenda-usar-ivermectina-para-prevenir-e-tratar-coronavirus-saiba-como.
Alpern, J. D., & Gertner, E. (2020). Off-Label Therapies for Covid-19-Are We All In This Together?. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 108(2), 182–184.
Barrows, N. J., Campos, R. K., Powell, S. T., Prasanth, K. R., Schott-Lerner, G., Soto-Acosta, R., Galarza-Muñoz, G., McGrath, E. L., Urrabaz-Garza, R., Gao, J., Wu, P., Menon, R., Saade, G., Fernandez-Salas, I., Rossi, S. L., Vasilakis, N., Routh, A., Bradrick, S. S., & Garcia-Blanco, M. A. (2016). A Screen of FDA-Approved Drugs for Inhibitors of Zika Virus Infection. Cell host & microbe, 20(2), 259–270.
Bray, M., Rayner, C., Noël, F., Jans, D., & Wagstaff, K. (2020). Ivermectin and COVID-19: A report in Antiviral Research, widespread interest, an FDA warning, two letters to the editor and the authors' responses. Antiviral research, 178, 104805.
Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (2021). https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/assuntos/assistencia-farmaceutica-no-sus/sistema-horus.
Brasil, Resolução RDC N° 405, DE 22 DE JULHO DE 2020. Aprova o “Estabelece as medidas de controle para os medicamentos que contenham substâncias constantes do Anexo I desta Resolução, isoladas ou em associação, em virtude da Emergência de Saúde Pública de Importância Internacional (ESPII) relacionada ao novo Coronavírus (SARS-CoV-2)” constante do anexo desta Resolução. Órgão emissor: ANVISA - Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária https://pesquisa.in.gov.br/imprensa/jsp/visualiza/index.jsp?data=23/07/2020&jornal=515&pagina=88
Blakley, B. R., & Rousseaux, C. G. (1991). Effect of ivermectin on the immune response in mice. American journal of veterinary research, 52(4), 593–595.
Caly, L, Druce, J.D, Catton, M.G, Jans, D.A, & Wagstaff, K.M. (2020). O medicamento aprovado pela FDA ivermectina inibe a replicação do SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Antiviral Research. 178, 104787.
NIH - Clinical Trials (2020). Search Results: 1324 Studies found for: Covid-19. ClinicalTrials.org. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=Covid-19.
Chhaiya, S.B, Mehta, D.S & Kataria, B.C. (2012). Ivermectin: pharmacology and therapeutic applications. International Journal Of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology. International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology. 1 (3), 132-139
Crump A. (2017). Ivermectin: enigmatic multifaceted 'wonder' drug continues to surprise and exceed expectations. The Journal of antibiotics, 70(5), 495–505.
Das B. K. (2011). Azithromycin induced hepatocellular toxicity and hepatic encephalopathy in asymptomatic dilated cardiomyopathy. Indian journal of pharmacology, 43(6), 736–737.
Doremalen, N., Bushmaker, T., Morris, D. H., Holbrook, M. G., Gamble, A., Williamson, B. N., Tamin, A., Harcourt, J. L., Thornburg, N. J., Gerber, S. I., Lloyd-Smith, J. O., de Wit, E., & Munster, V. J. (2020). Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1. The New England journal of medicine, 382(16), 1564–1567.
Falavigna, M., Colpani, V., Stein, C., Azevedo, L., Bagattini, A. M., Brito, G. V., Chatkin, J. M., Cimerman, S., Corradi, M., Cunha, C., Medeiros, F. C., Oliveira Junior, H. A., Fritscher, L. G., Gazzana, M. B., Gräf, D. D., Marra, L. P., Matuoka, J. Y., Nunes, M. S., Pachito, D. V., Pagano, C., & Dal-Pizzol, F. (2020). Guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of Covid-19. The task-force/consensus guideline of the Brazilian Association of Intensive Care Medicine, the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases and the Brazilian Society of Pulmonology and Tisiology. Diretrizes para o tratamento farmacológico da Covid-19. Consenso da Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira, da Sociedade Brasileira de Infectologia e da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia. Revista Brasileira de terapia intensiva, 32(2), 166–196.
Freires, M. S., & Junior, O. M. R. (2022). Resistência bacteriana pelo uso indiscriminado da azitromicina frente a Covid-19: Uma revisão integrativa. Disponivel em: https://redib.org/Record/oai_articulo3552958-resist%C3%AAncia-bacteriana-pelo-uso-indiscriminado-da-azitromicina-frente-a-Covid-19-uma-revis%C3%A3o-integrativa.
Ferreira, L.L.G & Andricopulo, A.D. (2020). Medicamentos e tratamentos para a Covid-19. Estudos Avançados, 34(100), 7-27.
Gautret, P., Lagier, J. C., Parola, P., Hoang, V. T., Meddeb, L., Mailhe, M., Doudier, B., Courjon, J., Giordanengo, V., Vieira, V. E., Tissot Dupont, H., Honoré, S., Colson, P., Chabrière, E., La Scola, B., Rolain, J. M., Brouqui, P., & Raoult, D. (2020). Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of Covid-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. International journal of antimicrobial agents, 56(1), 105949.
Gil, Antonio Carlos. Método e técnicas de pesquisa social. 6ª. ed. São Paulo: Atlas, 2008.
Imperador, C.H.L, Junior, C.R.E, Antonio, M.V.N, Chin, C.M & Bosquesi, P.L. (2020). Cloroquina e hidroxicloroquina associado ao zinco e/ou azitromicina na Covid-19. Jornal ulj med. 1 (EE) 67-73
Laing, R., Gillan, V., & Devaney, E. (2017). Ivermectin - Old Drug, New Tricks?. Trends in parasitology, 33(6), 463–472.
Liu, J, Cao, R, Xu, M, Wang, X, Zhang, H, Hu, H, Li, Y, Hu, Z, Zhong, W & Wang, M. (2020). Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. Cell discovery. 6:16.
Kampf, G., Todt, D., Pfaender, S., & Steinmann, E. (2020). Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. The Journal of hospital infection, 104(3), 246–251.
Mota, D. M., Vigo, Á.; Kuchenbecker, R.S. (2019). Reações adversas a medicamentos no sistema de farmacovigilância do Brasil, 2008 a 2013: estudo descritivo. Cadernos de Saúde Publica. 35 (8)
Melo, J.R.R, Duarte, E.C, Moraes, M.V, Fleck, K & Arrais, P.S.D. (2021). Automedicação e uso indiscriminado de medicamentos durante a pandemia da Covid-19. Cadernos de Saúde Pública. 37 (4)
Momekov, G. & MomekovA, D. (2020). Ivermectin as a potential Covid-19 treatment from the pharmacokinetic point of view: antiviral levels are not likely attainable with known dosing regimens. Biotechnology, biotechnological equipment. 34:1, 469-474
Opas (2020). Folha informativa sobre Covid-19. https://www.paho.org/pt/Covid19.
Oliveira, L.C.F, Assis, M.M.A & Barboni, A.R. (2010). Assistência Farmacêutica no Sistema Único de Saúde: da Política Nacional de Medicamentos à Atenção Básica à Saúde. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva. 15 (suppl 3)
PMVC – Prefeitura de Vitória da Conquista (2022). Coronavirus. https://www.pmvc.ba.gov.br/coronavirus/.
Principi, N. & Esposito, S. (2020). Chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for prophylaxis of Covid- 19. The Lancet infectious diseases. 20 (10)
Rizzo E. (2020). Ivermectin, antiviral properties and Covid-19: a possible new mechanism of action. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology, 393(7), 1153–1156.
Savarino, A, Broelaert, J.R, Cassone, A, Majori, G & Cauda, R. (2003). Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today’s diseases? Lancet infectious diseases. 3(11):722-7
Santos, K.K.A.S, Santos, T.A & Luz, D.A. (2021). The influence of social networks on the irrational use of medicines to combat Covid-19 by students of the pharmacy course nd professionals from a private higher education institution. Research, Society and Development. v. 10, n. 7, p. e0510716069
Singh, B., Ryan, H., Kredo, T., Chaplin, M. & Fletcher, T. (2021). Chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for prevention and treatment of Covid‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2. CD013587.
Tarek, M. & Savarino, A. (2020). Pharmacokinetic bases of the hydroxychloroquine response in Covid-19: implications for therapy and prevention. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 45(6):715-723
WHO - World Health Organization (2002). Promoting rational use of medicines: core components. [s.l.] World Health Organization. Disponível em: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/67438.
Yan, S., Ci, X., Chen, N., Chen, C., Li, X., Chu, X., Li, J., & Deng, X. (2011). Anti-inflammatory effects of ivermectin in mouse model of allergic asthma. Inflamm Res. 60(6):589-96.
Zhou, D, Dai, S.M. & Tong, Q. (2020). Covid-19: a recommendation to examine the effect of hydroxychloroquine in preventing infection and progression. The journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. Volume 75, Issue 7, July 2020, Pages 1667–1670
Zhu N., Zhang D., Wang W., Li X., Yang B., Song J., Zhao X., Huang B., Shi W., Lu R., Niu P., Zhan F., Ma X., Wang D., Xu W., Wu G., Gao GF., & Tan W. (2019). A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727-733.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Thaís Teixeira Santos Matos; Halanna Rocha Ferraz; Antonio Carlos Ricardo Braga Junior; Aline Teixeira Amorim
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
