Analysis of the Repercussion Cardiorespiratory Post COVID-19
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i15.37663Keywords:
COVID-19; Cardiopulmonary exercise test; Aerobic condition.Abstract
Introduction: The disease caused by the new coronavirus (COVID-19) is responsible for medium and long-term systemic repercussions. Fatigue and reduced cardiorespiratory fitness are frequently reported symptoms. Objective: To evaluate the aerobic condition of patients who were infected with SARS-COV-2 and the cardiorespiratory repercussions according to the severity of the disease. Methods: We analyzed the medical records of patients affected by COVID-19 and submitted to cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) in a private hospital in Aracaju/SE, after at least one month of the acute viral condition. The volunteers were divided into 3 groups, according to the severity of the disease: G1-mild, G2-moderate and G3-severe. Patients underwent CPET, where cardiovascular, respiratory and peripheral responses to exertion were evaluated. Results: The sample consisted of 80 individuals and the exams were performed, on average, 135.12 ± 90 days from the onset of symptoms. The mean age was 47±12.7 years, with a predominance of males. Oxygen consumption at the anaerobic threshold in relation to predicted was lower in G3. There was no impairment of pre-exertion spirometry, ventilatory reserve, oxygen saturation and ventilatory efficiency. From the cardiovascular point of view, the oxygen pulse and the peripheral uptake of oxygen consumption had normal behavior in the three groups. In the multivariate analysis of covariance, the severity of the disease had an influence on the aerobic condition. Conclusion: The aerobic condition was lower in the group with greater severity of COVID-19, possibly due to physical deconditioning, since the parameters of cardiovascular and respiratory performance exhibited normal behavior.
References
Ambrosino, P., Parrella, P., Formisano, R., Perrotta, G., D'Anna, S. E., Mosella, M., Papa, A., & Maniscalco, M. (2022). Cardiopulmonary Exercise Performance and Endothelial Function in Convalescent COVID-19 Patients. Journal of clinical medicine, 11(5), 1452. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11051452
Baratto C, Caravita S, Faini A, Perego GB, Senni M, Badano LP, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on exercise pathophysiology: a combined cardiopulmonary and echocardiographic exercise study. J Appl Physiol. 2021;130(5):1470–1478. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00710.2020.
Brawner, C. A., Ehrman, J. K., Bole, S., Kerrigan, D. J., Parikh, S. S., Lewis, B. K., Gindi, R. M., Keteyian, C., Abdul-Nour, K., & Keteyian, S. J. (2021). Inverse Relationship of Maximal Exercise Capacity to Hospitalization Secondary to Coronavirus Disease 2019. Mayo Clinic proceedings, 96(1), 32–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.10.003
Cassar, M. P., Tunnicliffe, E. M., Petousi, N., Lewandowski, A. J., Xie, C., Mahmod, M., Samat, A., Evans, R. A., Brightling, C. E., Ho, L. P., Piechnik, S. K., Talbot, N. P., Holdsworth, D., Ferreira, V. M., Neubauer, S., & Raman, B. (2021). Symptom Persistence Despite Improvement in Cardiopulmonary Health - Insights from longitudinal CMR, CPET and lung function testing post-COVID-19. EClinicalMedicine, 41, 101159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101159
Durstenfeld, Matthew S et al. “Use of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing to Evaluate Long COVID-19 Symptoms in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.” JAMA network open vol. 5,10 e2236057. 3 Oct. 2022, doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.36057
Debeaumont, D., Boujibar, F., Ferrand-Devouge, E., Artaud-Macari, E., Tamion, F., Gravier, F. E., Smondack, P., Cuvelier, A., Muir, J. F., Alexandre, K., & Bonnevie, T. (2021). Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing to Assess Persistent Symptoms at 6 Months in People With COVID-19 Who Survived Hospitalization: A Pilot Study. Physical therapy, 101(6), pzab099. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzab099
Ge, H., Wang, X., Yuan, X., Xiao, G., Wang, C., Deng, T., Yuan, Q., & Xiao, X. (2020). The epidemiology and clinical information about COVID-19. European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases: official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology, 39(6), 1011–1019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-020-03874-z
Gavriatopoulou, M., Korompoki, E., Fotiou, D., Ntanasis-Stathopoulos, I., Psaltopoulou, T., Kastritis, E., Terpos, E., & Dimopoulos, M. A. (2020). Organ-specific manifestations of COVID-19 infection. Clinical and experimental medicine, 20(4), 493–506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10238-020-00648-x
Hirschenberger, M., Hunszinger, V., & Sparrer, K. (2021). Implications of Innate Immunity in Post-Acute Sequelae of Non-Persistent Viral Infections. Cells, 10(8), 2134. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10082134
Korpelainen, R., Lämsä, J., Kaikkonen, K. M., Korpelainen, J., Laukkanen, J., Palatsi, I., Takala, T. E., Ikäheimo, T. M., & Hautala, A. J. (2016). Exercise capacity and mortality - a follow-up study of 3033 subjects referred to clinical exercise testing. Annals of medicine, 48(5), 359–366. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2016.1178856
Machhi, J., Herskovitz, J., Senan, A. M., Dutta, D., Nath, B., Oleynikov, M. D., Blomberg, W. R., Meigs, D. D., Hasan, M., Patel, M., Kline, P., Chang, R. C., Chang, L., Gendelman, H. E., & Kevadiya, B. D. (2020). The Natural History, Pathobiology, and Clinical Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 Infections. Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology: the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology, 15(3), 359–386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-020-09944-5
Mahamat-Saleh, Y., Fiolet, T., Rebeaud, M. E., Mulot, M., Guihur, A., El Fatouhi, D., Laouali, N., Peiffer-Smadja, N., Aune, D., & Severi, G. (2021). Diabetes, hypertension, body mass index, smoking and COVID-19-related mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ open, 11(10), e052777. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052777
Nalbandian, A., Sehgal, K., Gupta, A., Madhavan, M. V., McGroder, C., Stevens, J. S., Cook, J. R., Nordvig, A. S., Shalev, D., Sehrawat, T. S., Ahluwalia, N., Bikdeli, B., Dietz, D., Der-Nigoghossian, C., Liyanage-Don, N., Rosner, G. F., Bernstein, E. J., Mohan, S., Beckley, A. A., Seres, D. S., … Wan, E. Y. (2021). Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nature medicine, 27(4), 601–615. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01283-z
Onder, G., Rezza, G., & Brusaferro, S. (2020). Case-Fatality Rate and Characteristics of Patients Dying in Relation to COVID-19 in Italy. JAMA, 323(18), 1775–1776. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4683
Pereira, A., Shitsuka, D., Parreira. J. & Shitsuka, R. (2018). Metodologia da pesquisa científica. [free e-book]. Santa Maria/RS. Ed. UAB/NTE/UFSM.
Perlis, R. H., Santillana, M., Ognyanova, K., Safarpour, A., Lunz Trujillo, K., Simonson, M. D., Green, J., Quintana, A., Druckman, J., Baum, M. A., & Lazer, D. (2022). Prevalence and Correlates of Long COVID Symptoms Among US Adults. JAMA network open, 5(10), e2238804. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.38804
Ramírez-Vélez R, García-Alonso N, Legarra-Gorgoñón G, Oscoz-Ochandorena S, Oteiza J, Izquierdo M. Eficiencia ventilatoria en respuesta al ejercicio máximo en pacientes con diagnóstico de COVID-19 persistente: un estudio transversal [Ventilatory efficiency in response to maximal exercise in persistent COVID-19 syndrome patients: a cross-sectional study] [published online ahead of print, 2022 Aug 31]. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2022;10.1016/j.recesp.2022.08.012. doi:10.1016/j.recesp.2022.08.012
Rinaldo, R. F., Mondoni, M., Parazzini, E. M., Pitari, F., Brambilla, E., Luraschi, S., Balbi, M., Sferrazza Papa, G. F., Sotgiu, G., Guazzi, M., Di Marco, F., & Centanni, S. (2021). Deconditioning as main mechanism of impaired exercise response in COVID-19 survivors. The European respiratory journal, 58(2), 2100870. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00870-2021
Schwendinger, F., Knaier, R., Radtke, T., & Schmidt-Trucksäss, A. (2022). Low Cardiorespiratory Fitness Post-COVID-19: A Narrative Review. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 1–24. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-022-01751-7
Singh, I., Joseph, P., Heerdt, P. M., Cullinan, M., Lutchmansingh, D. D., Gulati, M., Possick, J. D., Systrom, D. M., & Waxman, A. B. (2022). Persistent Exertional Intolerance After COVID-19: Insights From Invasive Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing. Chest, 161(1), 54–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.08.010
Szekely, Y., Lichter, Y., Sadon, S., Lupu, L., Taieb, P., Banai, A., Sapir, O., Granot, Y., Hochstadt, A., Friedman, S., Laufer-Perl, M., Banai, S., & Topilsky, Y. (2021). Cardiorespiratory Abnormalities in Patients Recovering from Coronavirus Disease 2019. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography, 34(12), 1273–1284.e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2021.08.022
Skjørten, I., Ankerstjerne, O., Trebinjac, D., Brønstad, E., Rasch-Halvorsen, Ø., Einvik, G., Lerum, T. V., Stavem, K., Edvardsen, A., & Ingul, C. B. (2021). Cardiopulmonary exercise capacity and limitations 3 months after COVID-19 hospitalisation. The European respiratory journal, 58(2), 2100996. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00996-2021
Zaim, S., Chong, J. H., Sankaranarayanan, V., & Harky, A. (2020). COVID-19 and Multiorgan Response. Current problems in cardiology, 45(8), 100618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2020.100618
Zhou, Y., Chi, J., Lv, W., & Wang, Y. (2021). Obesity and diabetes as high-risk factors for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews, 37(2), e3377. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3377
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Danielle Alves Barreto; Milena dos Santos Barros Campos; Ana Carolina Amorim Oliveira; Mariana Carvalho Alves; Antônio Carlos Sobral Sousa; Mateus Araújo dos Santos; Hellen Dutra Passos; José Augusto Soares Barreto-Filho; Enaldo Vieira de Melo
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
