Sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of detomidine combined or not with diazepam in horses subjected to dental examination
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v12i3.38283Keywords:
Alpha-2 adrenergic agonist; Sedation; Dentistry; Benzodiazepine.Abstract
A standing oral examination under sedation in horses is essential to facilitate the handling and ensure an excellent examination. This study aimed to determine if the use of diazepam associated with detomidine would increase the action of the α2 agonist (detomidine), mainly by tongue motion and chewing reduction without excessive destabilization. Twelve adult horses of different age, breed and gender underwent dental correction. The animals were randomly assigned to two treatments: detomidine (20 µg.kg-1, IV) and diazepam (20 µg.kg-1, IV) (DD; n=6) or detomidine (20 µg.kg-1, IV) and 0.9% NaCl (DS; n=6). Tongue relaxation and exposure, heart rate, PR interval, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, rectal temperature, second-degree atrioventricular blocks, degree of ataxia and head movement were assessed at nine separated time points. Height of head above ground (HHAG) was assessed at three separate times. Detomidine rescue (5µg.kg-1, IV) was administered whenever a sedation increase was needed. All treatments provided adequate sedation and muscle relaxation. Differences between time points were observed for tongue relaxation (tongue VAS mm) and this was best observed at T7 for the DD treatment and T5 for the DS treatment and remained significantly lower than baseline throughout the times assessed. It was concluded that detomidine provided adequate sedation in horses undergoing dental examination, but there was no significant difference between treatments for any variable studied. The addition of diazepam did not improve the sedation or reduce the tongue movement.
References
Bate, S. T., & Clark, R. A. (2014). The design and statistical analysis of animal experiments. Cambridge University Press.
Buhl, R., Ersbøll, A. K., Larsen, N. H., Eriksen, L., & Koch, J. (2007). The effects of detomidine, romifidine or acepromazine on echocardiographic measurements and cardiac function in normal horses. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 34(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2005.00269.x.
Burnett, K. M. (2005). Equine dentistry: Safety considerations for practitioners. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice, 4(2), 120-123. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ctep.2005.04.003
De Bont, M. P. (2021). Standing surgery versus general anaesthesia for resolution of acute abdomen; useful enough to become routine? Equine Veterinary Education, 33(2), 67-69. https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.13306.
Dixon, P. M., & Dacre, I. (2005). A review of equine dental disorders. The veterinary journal, 169(2), 165-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.03.022.
England, G. C. W., Clarke, K. W., & Goossens, L. (1992). A comparison of the sedative effects of three α2‐adrenoceptor agonists (romifidine, detomidine and xylazine) in the horse. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 15(2), 194-201. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.1992.tb01007.x.
Fernandes, V., Possamai, M. C. F., Tramontin, R. S., Belettini, S. T., Ribeiro, M. G., & De Conti, J. B. (2016). Utilização da associação de cetamina, diazepam e detomidina na contenção farmacológica de equídeos (Equus Sp.) para procedimentos de orquiectomia em campo. Arquivos de Ciências Veterinárias e Zoologia da UNIPAR, 19(1), 23-27. https://doi.org/10.25110/arqvet.v19i1.2016.5793.
Gozalo-Marcilla, M., & Ringer, S. K. (2021). Recovery after general anaesthesia in adult horses: a structured summary of the literature. Animals, 11(6), 1777. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11061777.
Hopster, K., Bienert-Zeit, A., Hopster-Iversen, C., & Kaestner, S. B. (2013). Influence of ketamine or midazolam in combination with a romifidine-butorphanol-constant rate infusion on sedation quality during tooth extraction in standing horses. Pferdeheilkunde, 29(2), 220-227. https://doi.org/10.21836/pem20130209.
Hubbell, J. A. E., Kelly, E. M., Aarnes, T. K., Bednarski, R. M., Lerche, P., Liu, Z., & Lakritz, J. (2013). Pharmacokinetics of midazolam after intravenous administration to horses. Equine Veterinary Journal, 45(6), 721-725. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.12049.
Love, E. J., Taylor, P. M., Murrell, J., Whay, H. R., & Waterman‐Pearson, A. E. (2011). Assessment of the sedative effects of buprenorphine administered with 10 μg/kg detomidine in horses. Veterinary Record, 168(14), 379-379.
Menzies, R. A., & Easley, J. (2014). Standing equine dental surgery. Veterinary Clinics: Equine Practice, 30(1), 63-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2013.11.002.
Menzies‐Gow, N. (2001). ECG interpretation in the horse. In Practice, 23(8), 454-459. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.c7288.
Muir, W. W., Sams, R. A., Huffman, R. H., & Noonan, J. S. (1982). Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of diazepam in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 43(10), 1756-1762. https://europepmc.org/article/med/7149375
Müller, T. M., Hopster, K., Bienert-Zeit, A., Rohn, K., & Kästner, S. B. (2017). Effect of butorphanol, midazolam or ketamine on romifidine based sedation in horses during standing cheek tooth removal. BMC veterinary research, 13(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-017-1299-6
Nyman, G., Marntell, S., Edner, A., Funkquist, P., Morgan, K., & Hedenstierna, G. (2009). Effect of sedation with detomidine and butorphanol on pulmonary gas exchange in the horse. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 51(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0147-51-22.
Ringer, S. K., Portier, K., Torgerson, P. R., Castagno, R., & Bettschart‐Wolfensberger, R. (2013). The effects of a loading dose followed by constant rate infusion of xylazine compared with romifidine on sedation, ataxia and response to stimuli in horses. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 40(2), 157-165. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2012.00784.x.
Rohrbach, H., Korpivaara, T., Schatzmann, U., & Spadavecchia, C. (2009). Comparison of the effects of the alpha-2 agonists detomidine, romifidine and xylazine on nociceptive withdrawal reflex and temporal summation in horses. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 36(4), 384-395. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2009.00466.x.
Roscoe, M. P. (2007). Avaliação de seis protocolos de sedação para procedimentos odontológicos em equinos. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/BUOS-8TFHNG.
Schenk, I., Machnik, M., Broussou, D., Meuly, A., Roques, B. B., Lallemand, E., & Thevis, M. (2021). Kinetic disposition of diazepam and its metabolites after intravenous administration of diazepam in the horse: Relevance for doping control. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 44(5), 733-744. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12991.
Shini, S. (2000). A review of diazepam and its use in the horse. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 20(7), 443-449. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0737-0806(00)70457-6.
Stoll, M. (2007). How to perform a buccal approach for different dental procedures. In Proceedings American Association of Equine Practitioners, 53, 507-511. https://How_to_perform_a_buccal_approach_for_different_dental_procedures/links/00b495309924b81fa2000000/How-to-perform-a-buccal-approach-for-different-dental-procedures.pdf.
Valverde, A. (2010). Alpha-2 Agonists as Pain Therapy in Horses. Veterinary Clinics: Equine Practice, 26(3), 515-532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2010.07.003.
Vigani, A., & Garcia-Pereira, F. L. (2014). Anesthesia and analgesia for standing equine surgery. Veterinary Clinics: Equine Practice, 30(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2013.11.008.
Yamashita, K., Tsubakishita, S., Futaoka, S., Ueda, I., Hamaguchi, H., Seno, T., & Muir, W. W. (2000). Cardiovascular Effects of Medetomidine, Detomidine and Xylazine in Horses. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 62(10), 1025-1032. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.62.1025.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Marina Lopes Castro; Rogério Vieira da Silva; Andressa Karollini da Silva; Raphael Rocha Wenceslau; Suzane Lilian Beier; Natália Fagundes; Eutalio Luiz Mariani Pimenta; Jorge Tiburcio Barbosa de Lima; Isabella Caixeta Winter; Maristela Silveira Palhares
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
