Spiritual Intelligence: A matter of intelligence!
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v12i2.40117Keywords:
Intelligence; Spiritual intelligence; Spirituality; Theory.Abstract
Spiritual intelligence has assumed an ambivalence regarding its belonging in studies of human or philosophical intelligence. To answer this question, the present study aims to develop theoretical research called snowball on the two themes that support it, namely: spirituality and intelligence. The study intends to develop a theoretical element that contributes to the discussions around spiritual intelligence, especially about the translation of the term in the area of psychology and philosophy. In this context, how much spirituality concerns reductions to religious beliefs, theoretically, has assigned theoretical and empirical spaces of general or multiple assessments to intelligence, as well as hereditary or learned. In general, the theme in question is reflected in an approach to spiritual intelligence regarding the cognitive capacity inherent in all individuals, which needs external stimuli for its development.
Keywords: Intelligence; Spiritual intelligence; Spirituality; Theory.
References
Adams, K., & Hyde, B. (2008). Children’s Grief Dreams and the Theory of Spiritual Intelligence. Dreaming, 18(1), 58–67. https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.18.1.58
Ahmed, A., Arshad, M. A., Mahmood, A., & Akhtar, S. (2016). Holistic Human Resource Development: Balancing the Equation through the Inclusion of Spiritual Quotient. Journal of Human Values, 22(3), 165–179. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971685816650573
Almeida, L. S., Fernando, M., Ferreira, A. I., Prieto, M. D., Fernandez, M. C., & Sainz, M. (2009). Inteligências múltiplas de Gardner : é possível pensar a inteligência sem um factor g? Psychologica, 5, 41–55. https://doi.org/:http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-8606_50_3
Amram, Y., & Dryer, C. (2008a). The Integrated Spiritual Intelligence Scale ( ISIS ): Development and preliminary validation. In 116th Annual Conference of the American Psychological Association.
Antunes, Roque R, Silva, A. P., & Oliveira, J. (2018). Spiritual Intelligence Self-Assessment Inventory: Psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of SISRI-24 Spiritual. Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging, 30(1), 12–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/15528030.2017.1324350
Ashmos, D. P., & Duchon, D. (2000). Spirituality at work A Conceptualization and Measure. Journal of Management Inquiry, 9(2), 134–145.
Bauman, C. M. (2009). The specter of “Spirituality”—on the (in)utility of an analytical category. Religion and Education, 36(2), 54–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/15507394.2009.10012443
Bauman, Z. (2006). Children make you happier ... and poorer. International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 11(1), 5–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/13644360500503233
Bauman, Z. (2009). Education in the Liquid-Modern Setting. Power and Education, 1(2), 157–166.
Bauman, Z., & Haugaard, M. (2008). Liquid modernity and power: A dialogue with Zygmunt Bauman1. Journal of Power, 1(2), 111–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/17540290802227536
Beaujean, A. A., & Benson, N. F. (2019). The One and the Many: Enduring Legacies of Spearman and Thurstone on Intelligence Test Score Interpretation. Applied Measurement in Education, 32(3), 198–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/08957347.2019.1619560
Belk, R., Wallendorf, M., & Sherry, J. F. (1989). The Sacred and the Profane in Consumer Behavior : Theodicy on the Odyssey, 16(June).
Belzen, J. A. (2004). Spirituality, culture and mental health: Prospects and risks for contemporary psychology of religion. Journal of Religion and Health, 43(4), 291-316.
Butterworth, E. (1983). Spiritual economics: The prosperity process. Unity School of Christianity.
Carr, N. (1986). The social impact of Christian theology and pedagogy: A plea for change. Journal of Christian Education, (2), 19-32.
Chan, A. W. Y., & Siu, A. F. Y. (2016). Application of the Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory (SISRI-24) Among Hong Kong University Students. International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 35(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/. http://dx.doi.org/10.24972/ijts.2016.35.1.1
Cianciolo, A. T., Matthew, C., Sternberg, R. J., & Wagner, R. K. (2012). Tacit Knowledge, Practical Intelligence, and Expertise. In The Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance (pp. 613–632). https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511816796.035
Collins, M. (2010). Spiritual Intelligence: Evolving Transpersonal Potential Toward Ecological Actualization For a Sustainable Future. World Futures, 66(5), 320–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/02604020903423527
Costa, A., & Faria, L. (2018). Implicit theories of intelligence and academic achievement: A meta-analytic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(JUN), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00829
Crowther, M. R., Parker, M. W., Achenbaum, W. A., Larimore, W. L., & Koenig, H. G. (2002). Rowe and Kahn’s model of successful aging revisited: Positive spirituality - The forgotten factor. Gerontologist, 42(5), 613–620. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/42.5.613
Davis, D. E., Worthington, E. L., Hook, J. N., & Hill, P. C. (2013). Research on religion/spirituality and forgiveness: A meta-analytic review. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 5(4), 233–241. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033637
Dein, S., Cook, C. C. H., & Koenig, H. (2012). Religion, Spirituality, and Mental Health. The Journal of Neurvous and Mental Disease, 200(10), 852–855. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e31826b6dle
Delgado, C. (2005). A discussion of the concept of spirituality. Nursing Science Quarterly, 18(2), 157–162. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318405274828
Edwards, A. C. (2003). COMMENTARY: Response to the Spiritual Intelligence Debate: Are Some Conceptual Distinctions Needed Here?. The international journal for the psychology of religion, 13(1), 49-52.
Emmons, R. A. (2000a). Is Spirituality an Intelligence ? Motivation , Cognition , and the Psychology of Ultimate Concern. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 8619(April), 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327582IJPR1001
Emmons, R. A. (2000b). Spirituality and Intelligence : Problems and Prospects. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 10(1), 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327582IJPR1001
Emmons, R. A. (2005). Striving for the sacred: Personal goals, life meaning, and religion. Journal of Social Issues, 61(4), 731–745. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00429.x
Fagan, J. F. (2000). A theory of intelligence as processing: Implications for Society. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 6(1), 168–179. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.6.1.168
Farran, C. J., Fitchett, G., Quiring-emblen, J. D., & Burck, J. R. (1989). Development of a Model for Spiritual Assessment and Intervention. Journal of Religion and Health, 28(3), 185–194.
Fidelis, A. C. F., Formiga, N. S., & Fernandes, A. J. (2022). A Inteligência Espiritual E Reajuste Do Trabalho Em Brasileiros E Portugueses De Unidades Hospitalares. RECIMA21-Revista Científica Multidisciplinar-ISSN 2675-6218, 3(4), e341382-e341382.
Gage, T. (2016). Leadership intelligence: Unlocking the potential for school leadership effectiveness. South African Journal of Education, 36(4), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v36n4a1328
Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences.
Gardner, H. (2000). A Case Against Spiritual Intelligence. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 10(1), 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327582IJPR1001
Gardner, H., & Hatch, T. (1989). Multiple Intelligences Go to School: Educational Implications of the Theory of Multiple Intelligences. Educational Researcher, 18(8), 4–10. https://doi.org/10.2307/1176460
Geisinger, K. F. (2019). Empirical Considerations on Intelligence Testing and Models of Intelligence: Updates for Educational Measurement Professionals. Applied Measurement in Education, 32(3), 193–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/08957347.2019.1619564
Giesenberg, A. (2007). The Phenomenon of Preschool Children’s Spirituality.
Godwin, J. L., Neck, C. P., Intino, R. S. D., Godwin, J. L., Neck, C. P., & Intino, R. S. D. (2017). Self-leadership , spirituality , and entrepreneur performance : a conceptual model. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 6086(June), 64–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766086.2015.1122546
Halama, P., & Strizenec, M. (2004). Spiritual , existential or both? Theoretical considerations on the nature of “higher” intelligences. Studia, 46(3), 239–253.
Hall, J. K., Daneke, G. A., & Lenox, M. J. (2010). Sustainable development and entrepreneurship: Past contributions and future directions. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(5), 439–448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2010.01.002
Handcock, M. S., & Gile, K. J. (2011). Comment: On the concept of snowball sampling. Sociological methodology, 41(1), 367-371.
Hanefar, S. B., Sa’ari, C. Z., & Siraj, S. (2016). A Synthesis of Spiritual Intelligence Themes from Islamic. Journal of Religion and Health, 55(6), 2069–2085. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0226-7
Hill, P. C., Pargament, K. I., Hood, R. W., McCullough, J. . M. E., Swyers, J. P., Larson, D. B., & Zinnbauer, B. J. (2000). Conceptualizing Religion and Spirituality: Points of Commonality, Points of Departure. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 30(1), 51–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5914.00119
Hoffman, L., & Ellis, M. S. (2020). Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion. In Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion (pp. 0–4). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27771-9
Houghton, J. D., Neck, C. P., & Krishnakumar, S. (2016). The what, why , and how of spirituality in the workplace revisited : a 14-year update and extension. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 6086(June 2017), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766086.2016.1185292
Huitt, W., & Hummel, J. (2003). Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development.pdf. In Educational Psychology Interactive (pp. 1–5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2006.12.455
Hyde, B. (2004). The plausibility of spiritual intelligence: spiritual experience, problem solving and neural sites. International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 9(1), 39–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364436042000200816
Karakas, F. (2010). Spirituality and Performance in Organizations : A Literature Review. Journal of Business Ethics, 89–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0251-5
Kauanui, S. K., Thomas, K. D., Sherman, C. L., Waters, G. R., & Gilea, M. (2008). Exploring Entrepreneurship through the Lens of Spirituality. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 5(2), 160–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766080809518698
King, David B, & Decicco, T. L. (2009). A Viable Model and Self-Report Measure of Spiritual Intelligence. Internanational Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 28(1), 68–85.
King, David B, Mara, C. A., & Decicco, T. L. (2012). Connecting the Spiritual and Emotional Intelligences: Confirming an Intelligence Criterion and Assessing the Role of Empathy. International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 1(31), 11–20.
King, D. B. (2008). RETHINKING CLAIMS OF SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE: A DEFINITION, MODEL, AND MEASURE. thesis master degree. https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v56.60
Kirby, J. R., & Das, J. P. (1990). A cognitive approach to intelligence: Attention, coding and planning. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 31(4), 320–333.
Kovacs, K., & Conway, A. R. A. (2019). A Unified Cognitive/Differential Approach to Human Intelligence: Implications for IQ Testing. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 8(3), 255–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2019.05.003
Kwon, S. (2008). Well-being and Spirituality from a Korean Perspective: Based on the Study of Culture and Subjective Well-being. Pastoral Psychology, 56(6), 573–584. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-008-0134-1
Lazenby, J. M. (2010). On “spirituality,” “religion,” and “ religions”: A concept analysis. Palliative and Supportive Care, 8(4), 469–476. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1478951510000374
Linzer, N. (2006). Spirituality and ethics in long-term care. Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work, 25(1), 87-106 20p. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J377v25n01_06
Malony, H. N. (2005). A response. Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling, 59(5_suppl), 449-451.
Martins, H. H. T. (2004). Metodologia qualitativa de pesquisa. Educação e pesquisa, 30(02), 289-300.
Matheis, E. N., Tulsky, D. S., & Matheis, R. J. (2006). The relation between spirituality and quality of life among individuals with spinal cord injury. Rehabilitation Psychology, 51(3), 265.
Mayer, J. D. (2000). Spiritual Intelligence or Spiritual Consciousness ? The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 10(1), 47–56. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327582IJPR1001
Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2004). Emotional Intelligence and the Intelligence of Emotions. Psychological Inquiry, 15(3), 216–222. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1503
Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2008). Emotional Intelligence: New Ability or Eclectic Traits? American Psychologist, 63(6), 503–517. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.63.6.503
McElya, M. (2017). 7. Knowns and Unknowns. The Politics of Mourning, 261–306. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674974050-008
Mcghee, P., & Grant, P. (2017). The transcendent influence of spirituality on ethical action in organizations. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 6086(June), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766086.2016.1268539
Milliman, J., Czaplewski, A. J., & Ferguson, J. (2003). Workplace spirituality and employee work attitudes An exploratory empirical assessment. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 16(4), 426–447. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534810310484172
Mitroff, I. I., & Denton, E. a. (1999). A study of spirituality in the workplace. Sloan Management Review, 40(4), 83–92.
O’neil, T. (2012). Multiple Intelligences: The concept of distributed intelligence in Gardner’s theory of Multiple Intelligences. Psychology of Education.
Paivio, A. (2014). Intelligence, dual coding theory, and the brain. Intelligence, 47, 141–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2014.09.002
Pargament, K. I. (2012). Searching for the sacred: Toward a nonreductionistic theory of spirituality. In APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality (Vol 1): Context, theory, and research. (Vol. 1, pp. 257–273). https://doi.org/10.1037/14045-014
Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification (Vol. 1). Oxford University Press.
Pinto, C., & Pais-ribeiro, J. L. (2007). Construção de Uma Escala de Avaliação da Espiritualidade em Contextos de Saúde. Arquivos de Medicina, 21(2), 47–53.
Raco, J. R., & Tanod, R. H. M. (2014). Understanding spirituality as experienced by catholic entrepreneurs. World Review World Review of Entrepreneurship Management and Sustainable Development, 10(1), 40–51. https://doi.org/10.1504/WREMSD.2014.058052
Rego, A., & Cunha, M. P. (2010). Workplace spirituality and organizational commitment: an empirical study. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 21(1), 53–75.
Rego, A., Sousa, F., Marques, C., & Cunha, M. P. e. (2012). Authentic leadership promoting employees’ psychological capital and creativity. Journal of Business Research, 65(3), 429–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.10.003
Reinert, K. G., & Koenig, H. G. (2013). Re-examining definitions of spirituality in nursing research. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 69(12), 2622–2634. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12152
Schnitker, S. A., & Emmons, R. A. (2013). Spiritual Striving and Seeking the Sacred: Religion as Meaningful Goal-Directed Behavior. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 23(4), 315–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2013.795822
Singh, S., Corner, P. D., & Pavlovich, K. (2016). Spirituality and entrepreneurial failure. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 13(1), 24–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766086.2015.1029961
Siswanti, D. N., Khairuddin, R., & Halim, F. (2018). The Effect of Spiritual Intelligence , Emotion and Social Competence to the Leadership Competence The Effect of Spiritual Intelligence , Emotion and Social Competence to the Leadership Competence. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1028(1).
Skrzypińska, K. (2020). Does Spiritual Intelligence (SI) Exist? A Theoretical Investigation of a Tool Useful for Finding the Meaning of Life. Journal of Religion and Health, (0123456789). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01005-8
Smith, J. Z. (2010). Tillich[’s] remains ... Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 78(4), 1139–1170. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/lfq087
Souto, S., & Rego, A. (2006). Espiritualidade nas Organizações, Positividade e Desempenho. In 30o Encontro da ANPAD (pp. 1–16).
Stead, J. G., & Stead, W. E. (2014). Building spiritual capabilities to sustain sustainability-based competitive advantages. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 11:2, 143–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766086.2013.832359
Sternberg, R. J. (1988). Applying cognitive theory to the testing and teaching of intelligence. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 2(4), 231–255. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.2350020402
Sternberg, R. J. (1999). Successful intelligence: Finding a balance. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3(11), 436–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01391-1
Sternberg, R. J. (2003). A Broad View of Intelligence the Theory of Successful Intelligence. Consulting Psychology Journal, 55(3), 139–154. https://doi.org/10.1037/1061-4087.55.3.139
Sultoni, A. H., Setiawan, M., Aisjah, S., & Rofiaty. (2017). The Effect of Leadership Styles on Workplace Spirituality, Teamwork and Project Performance. International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research, 15(5), 117–130.
Ungvári-zrínyi, I. (2014). Spirituality as motivation and perspective for a socially responsible entrepreneurship. World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sust. Development, 10(1), 21–23. https://doi.org/10.1504/WREMSD.2014.058049
Vaughan, F. (2002). What Is Spiritual Intelligence? Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 42(2), 16–33.
Vinuto, J. (2014). A amostragem em bola de neve na pesquisa qualitativa: um debate em aberto. Temáticas, 22 (44), 203-220.
Vivek, S., & Amrith, V. (2017). Spirituality and Productivity - A Relationship Perspective. PURSHARTHA, X(1).
Woods, I. L., Floyd, R. G., Singh, L. J., Layton, H. K., Norfolk, P. A., & Farmer, R. L. (2019). What Is in a Name? A Historical Review of Intelligence Test Score Labels. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 37(6), 692–705. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282918786651
Woyciekoski, C., & Hutz, C. S. (2009). Inteligência Emocional: Teoria, Pesquisa, Medida, Aplicações e Controvérsias. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 22(2), 1–11.
Zimmer, Z., Jagger, C., Chiu, C.-T., Ofstedal, M. B., Rojo, F., & Saito, Y. (2016). Spirituality, religiosity, aging and health in global perspective: A review. SSM - Population Health, 2, 373–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.04.009
Zohar, D., & Marshall, I. (2000). QS Inteligência Espiritual. Rio de Janeiro - São Paulo: Editora Record.
Zsolnai, L., & Illes, K. (2017). Spiritually inspired creativity in business. International Journal of Social Economics, 44(2), 195–205. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-06-2015-0172
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Andréa Cristina Fermiano Fidelis; Nilton S. Formiga; António Jorge Fernandes
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.