Estrus detection and reproductive performance of dairy cows: Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i7.4063Keywords:
Estrus observation; Reproductive efficiency; Automated activity monitoring system.Abstract
The aim was to conduct a literature review on the estrus detection and its interference on the reproductive efficiency of dairy cattle. Efficient and accurate estrus detection of cattle and artificial insemination in an assertive time are essential to increase pregnancy rate, estrus detection rate, and consequently good reproductive efficiency. Methods of estrus detection that are widely used on farms do not have good rates. This is because the physiological and behavioral changes of the animals, as well as the period of the duration of the estrus cycle, are being expressed in low intensity and short duration. In addition, they are very variable and difficult to measure. Thus, it is of utmost importance to use electronic methods to improve estrus detection.
References
Abeni, F, & Galli, A. (2017). Monitoring cow activity and rumination time for an early detection of heat stress in dairy cow. International Journal of Biometeorology, 61 (3), 417-425. doi: 10.1007/s00484-016-1222-z.
Adams, GP, Matteri, RL, Kastelic, J. P, Ko, JCH & Ginther, O. (1992). Association between surges of follicle-stimulating hormone and the emergence of follicular waves in heifers. Reproduction, 94 (1), 177-188. doi: 10.1530/jrf.0.0940177.
Ambriz-Vilchis, V, Jessop, NS, Fawcett, RH, Shaw, DJ & Macrae, AI. (2015). Comparison of rumination activity measured using rumination collars against direct visual observations and analysis of video recordings of dairy cows in commercial farm environments. Journal of Dairy Science, 98 (3), 1750-1758. doi: 10.3168/jds.2014-8565.
At-Taras, EE & Spahr, SL. (2001). Detection and characterization of estrus in dairy cattle with an electronic heatmount detector and an electronic activity tag. Journal of Dairy Science, 84 (4), 792-798. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)74535-3.
Aungier, SPM, Roche, JF, Sheehy, M, & Crowe, MA. (2012). Effects of management and health on the use of activity monitoring for estrus detection in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 95 (5), 2452-2466. doi: 10.3168/jds.2011-4653.
Aungier, SPM, Roche,JF, Duffy, P, Scully, S & Crowe, MA. (2015). The relationship between activity clusters detected by an automatic activity monitor and endocrine changes during the periestrous period in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 98, 1666–1684. doi: 10.3168/jds.2013-7405.
Baruselli, PS, Gimenes, LU & Sales, JNDS. (2007). Fisiologia reprodutiva de fêmeas taurinas e zebuínas. Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal, 31 (2), 205-211. Retrieved May 04, 2020, from http://www.cbra.org.br/pages/publicacoes/rbra/download/205.pdf
Baruselli, PS, Sales, JNS, Sala, RV, Vieira, LM. & Sá Filho, MF. (2018) History, Evolution and perspectives of timed artificial insemination programs in Brazil. Animal Reproduction, 9 (3), 139-152., Retrieved May 04, 2020 from https://www.animal-reproduction.org/article/5b5a6055f7783717068b46d7/pdf/animreprod-9-3-139.pdf .
Bó, GA & Baruselli, PS. (2014). Synchronization of ovulation and fixed-time artificial insemination in beef cattle. Animal, 8 (s1), 144-150. doi: 10.1017/S1751731114000822.
Bó, GA, Baruselli, PS, & Martínez, MF. (2003). Pattern and manipulation of follicular development in Bos indicus cattle. Animal Reproduction Science, 78 (3-4), 307-26. doi: 10.1016/s0378-4320(03)00097-6.
Bonato, GL, Cunha, MO, dos SANTOS, RM, & Carneiro, LC. (2012). Eficiência do Estrotect® na identificação de estros em vacas leiteiras mestiças. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science, 49 (1), 19-23. doi: 10.11606/issn.2318-3659.v49i1p19-23.
Borchardt, S, Schüller, L, Wolf, L, Wesenauer, C & Heuwieser, W. (2018). Comparison of pregnancy outcomes using either an Ovsynch or a Cosynch protocol for the first timed AI with liquid or frozen semen in lactating dairy cows. Theriogenology, 107, 21-26. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.10.026
Borges, AM, Torres, CAA, Rocha Júnior, VR., Ruas, JRM, Gioso, MM., Fonseca, JFD, Carvalho, GR & Maffili, VV. (2004). Dinâmica folicular e momento da ovulação em vacas não lactantes das raças Gir e Nelore durante duas estações do ano. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 56 (3), 346-354. doi: 10.1590/S0102-09352004400300010.
Bruinjé, TC, Gobikrushanth, M, Colazo, MG & Ambrose, DJ. (2017). Dynamics of pre-and post-insemination progesterone profiles and insemination outcomes determined by an in-line milk analysis system in primiparous and multiparous Canadian Holstein cows. Theriogenology, 102, 147-153. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.05.024.
Brunassi, LDA, Moura, DJD, Nääs, IDA., Vale, MMD, Souza, SRLD, Lima, KAOD, Carvalho, TMR & Bueno, LGDF. (2010). Improving detection of dairy cow estrus using fuzzy logic. Scientia Agricola, 67 (5), 503-509. doi: 10.1590/S0103-90162010000500002.
Burns, PD, & Spitzer, JC. (1992). Influence of biostimulation on reproduction in postpartum beef cows. Journal of Animal Science, 70 (2), 358-362. doi: 10.2527/1992.702358x.
Caetano, GADO & Caetano Júnior, MB. (2015). Métodos de detecção de estro e falhas relacionadas. Pubvet, 9, 348-399, Retrieved Apr 22, 2020 from http://www.pubvet.com.br/artigo/440/meacutetodos-de-detecccedilatildeo-de-estro-e-falhas-relacionadas.
Campos, CC & Santos, RM. (2015). Conception rate and estrous return detection after TAI in Holstein cows. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 36 (1), 1945-1953. doi:10.5433/1679-0359.2015v36n3Supl1p1945.
Carvalho, BC, Pires, M, Arbex, W, & Santos, GB. (2015). Uso de tecnologias de precisão na reprodução de bovinos leiteiros. Cadernos Técnicos de Veterinária e Zootecnia - Embrapa Gado de Leite, 79, Retrieved May 04, 2020, from https://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/bitstream/doc/1037867/1/Cnpgl2015CadTecVetZootUso.pdf.
Cavalieri, J, Eagles, VE, Ryan, M, & Macmillan, KL. (2003). Comparison of four methods for detection of oestrus in dairy cows with resynchronised oestrous cycles. Australian Veterinary Journal, 81 (7), 422-425. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2003.tb11553.x.
Chizzotti, ML, Machado, FS, Valente, EEL, Pereira, LGR, Campos, MM, Tomich, TR, Coelho, SG & Ribas, N. (2015). Validation of a system for monitoring individual feeding behavior and individual feed intake in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 98 (5), 3438-3442. doi: 10.3168/jds.2014-8925.
Colazo, MG, Whittaker, P, Macmillan, K, Bignell, D, Boender, G, de Carvalho Guimaraes, R & Mapletoft, RJ. (2018). Evaluation of a modified GnRH-based timed-AI protocol associated with estrus detection in beef heifers inseminated with sex-selected or conventional semen. Theriogenology, 118, 90-95, doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.05.037.
Cushman, RA, McDaneld, TG, Kuehn, LA., Snelling, WM, & Nonneman, D. (2014). Incorporation of genetic technologies associated with applied reproductive technologies to enhance world food production. Current and Future Reproductive Technologies and World Food Production, 77-96. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8887-3_4.
Dela Rue, BT, Kamphuis, C, Burke, CR & Jago, JG. (2014). Using activity-based monitoring systems to detect dairy cows in oestrus: a field evaluation. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 62 (2), 57-62. doi: 10.1080/00480169.2013.841535.
Denis-Robichaud, J, Cerri, RLA, Jones-Bitton, A & LeBlanc, SJ. (2016). Survey of reproduction management on Canadian dairy farms. Journal of Dairy Science, 99 (11), 9339-9351. doi: 10.1080/00480169.2013.841535.
Eradus, WJ, Rossing, W, Hogewerf, PH & Benders, E. (1992). Signal processing of activity data for oestrus detection in dairy cattle. EAAP Publication (Netherlands), 64-71 Retrieved April 20, 2019, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477867017455431.
Fierro, S, Gil, J, Viñoles, C & Olivera-Muzante, J. (2013). The use of prostaglandins in controlling estrous cycle of the ewe: A review. Theriogenology, 79 (3), 399-408. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.10.022.
Figueiredo, RA, Barros, CM, Pinheiro, OL & Soler, JMP. (1997). Ovarian follicular dynamics in Nelore breed (Bos indicus) cattle. Theriogenology, 47 (8), 1489-1505. doi: 10.1016/S0093-691X(97)00156-8.
Filion, F, Bouchard, N, Goff, AK, Lussier, JG & Sirois, J. (2001). Molecular Cloning and Induction of Bovine Prostaglandin E Synthase by Gonadotropins in Ovarian Follicles Prior to Ovulationin Vivo. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276 (36), 34323-34330. doi: 10.1074/jbc.m103709200.
Firk, R, Stamer, E, Junge, W & Krieter, J. (2002). Automation of oestrus detection in dairy cows: a review. Livestock Production Science, 75 (3), 219-232. doi: 10.1016/S0301-6226(01)00323-2.
França, LM, Rodrigues, AS, Brandão, LGN, Loiola, MVG, Chalhoub, M, Ferraz, PA, Bittencourt, RF, Jesus, EO & Ribeiro Filho, AL. (2015). Comparação de dois ésteres de estradiol como indutores da ovulação sobre o diâmetro folicular e a taxa de gestação de bovinos leiteiros submetidos a programa de Inseminação Artificial em Tempo Fixo. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, 16 (4), 958-965. doi: 10.1590/S1519-99402015000400019.
Franco, GA, Peres, RFG, Martins, CFG, Reese, ST, Vasconcelos, JLM, & Pohler, KG. (2018). Sire contribution to pregnancy loss and pregnancy-associated glycoprotein production in Nelore cows. Journal of Animal Science, 96 (2), 632-640. doi:10.1093/jas/sky015.
Fraser, C. M., Bergeron, J. A., Mays, A., & Aiello, S. E. (2007). Manual Merck de veterinária. São Paulo: Roca.
Fricke, PM, Giordano, JO, Valenza, A, Lopes Jr, G, Amundson, MC & Carvalho, PD. (2014). Reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows managed for first service using timed artificial insemination with or without detection of estrus using an activity-monitoring system. Journal of Dairy Science, 97 (5), 2771-2781. doi:10.3168/jds.2013.7366.
Furukawa, E, Masaki, T, Sakaguchi, K, Bo, M, Yanagawa, Y, Ueda, K & Nagano, M. (2020). Relationship between the timing of the first postpartum ovulation and antral follicle counts in Holstein cows. Journal of Ovarian Research, 13 (7), 1-9. doi:10.1186/s13048-020-0610-5.
Furtado, DA, Tozzetti, DS, Avanza, MFB & Dias, LGGG. (2011). Inseminação artificial em tempo fixo em bovinos de corte. Revista Científica Eletrônica de Medicina Veterinária, 16, 1-25., Retrieved May 04, 2020, from: http://faef.revista.inf.br/imagens_arquivos/arquivos_destaque/MLgHPH4uQfkcKCg_2013-6-26-10-58-3.pdf.
Gaillard, C, Barbu, H, Sørensen, MT, Sehested, J, Callesen, H & Vestergaard, M. (2016). Milk yield and estrous behavior during eight consecutive estruses in Holstein cows fed standardized or high energy diets and grouped according to live weight changes in early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 99 (4), 3134-3143. doi:10.3168/jds.2015-10023.
Galon, N. (2010). The use of pedometry for estrus detection in dairy cows in Israel. Journal of Reproduction and Development, 56, 48-S52. doi: 10.1262/jrd.1056S48.
Ginther, OJ, Bergfelt, DR, Beg, MA & Kot, K. (2002). Role of low circulating FSH concentrations in controlling the interval to emergence of the subsequent follicular wave in cattle. Reproduction, 124 (4), 475-482. doi: 10.1530/rep.0.1240475.
Gottschall, CS & Silva, LR. (2012). Resposta reprodutiva de novilhas de corte aos dois e três anos de idade submetidas a diferentes protocolos para inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF). Revista Veterinária em Foco, 10 (1), Retrieved May 04, 2020, from http://www.periodicos.ulbra.br/index.php/veterinaria/article/view/1162/864.
Hafez, ESE. & Hafez, B. (2004). Reprodução animal. 7ª ed. Barueri: Manole, 3-12.
Harris, BL, Hempstalk, K, de le Rue, BT, Jago, JG & McGowan, JE. (2010). Improving the power of activity-based heat detection using additional automatically captured data. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production, 70, 299-302, Retrieved May 04, 2020, from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kathryn_Hempstalk/publication/259042983_Improving_the_power_of_activity-based_heat_detection_using_additional_automatically_captured_data/links/00b7d529cf9c876627000000/Improving-the-power-of-activity-based-heat-detection-using-additional-automatically-captured-data.pdf.
Heatwatch. (2019). Retrieved May 3rd, 2020, from https://www.cowchips.net/.
Hockey, CD, Morton, JM, Norman, ST & McGowan, MR. (2010a). Evaluation of a neck mounted 2‐hourly activity meter system for detecting cows about to ovulate in two paddock‐based Australian dairy herds. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 45 (5), 107-117. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01531.x.
Hockey, CD, Morton, JM, Norman, ST & McGowan, MR. (2010b). Improved prediction of ovulation time may increase pregnancy rates to artificial insemination in lactating dairy cattle. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 45 (6), 239-248. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01548.x.
Holman, A., Thompson, J., Routly, J. E., Cameron, J., Jones, D. N., Grove-White, D., Smith, R. F. & Dobson, H. (2011). Comparison of oestrus detection methods in dairy cattle. Veterinary Record, 169 (2), 47-47. doi:10.1136/vr.d2344.
Horn, MM., Galina, CS & Moraes, JCF. (2001). Padrões de distribuição e métodos de identificação de cios em vacas de corte submetidas a sincronização com progestágeno/prostaglandina e monta natural. Revista Portuguesa de Ciências Veterinárias, 96 (539), 145-149, Retrieved May 04, 2020, from http://www.fmv.ulisboa.pt/spcv/PDF/pdf9_2001/Padroes.pdf.
Jónsson, R, Blanke, M, Poulsen, NK, Caponetti, F & Hojsgaard, S. (2011). Oestrus detection in dairy cows from activity and lying data using on-line individual models. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 76 (1), 6-15. doi: 10.1016/j.compag.2010.12.014.
Kamphuis, C, DelaRue, B, Burke, CR & Jago, J. (2012). Field evaluation of 2 collar-mounted activity meters for detecting cows in estrus on a large pasture-grazed dairy farm. Journal of Dairy Science, 95 (6), 3045-3056. doi: 10.3168/jds.2011-4934.
Kerbrat, S & Disenhaus, C. (2004). A proposition for an updated behavioural characterisation of the oestrus period in dairy cows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 87 (3-4), 223-238. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2003.12.001.
Kesler, DJ, Troxel, TR, Vincent, DL, Scheffrahn, NS & Noble, RC. (1981). Detection of estrus with cows administered testosterone via injections and/or silastic implants. Theriogenology, 15 (3), 327-334. doi: 10.1016/0093-691X(81)90054-6.
King, ME, Kiracofe, GH, Stevenson, JS & Schalles, RR. (1982). Effect of stage of the estrous cycle on interval to estrus after PGF2α in beef cattle. Theriogenology, 18 (2), 191-200. doi: 10.1016/0093-691X(82)90103-0.
Landaeta‐Hernández, AJ, Palomares‐Naveda, R, Soto‐Castillo, G, Atencio, A, Chase Jr, CC, & Chenoweth, PJ. (2004). Social and breed effects on the expression of a PGF2α induced oestrus in beef cows. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 39 (5), 315-320. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2004.00515.x.
LeRoy, CNS, Walton, JS & LeBlanc, SJ. (2018). Estrous detection intensity and accuracy and optimal timing of insemination with automated activity monitors for dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 101 (2), 1638-1647. doi:10.3168/jds.2017-13505.
López-Gatius, F. (2003). Is fertility declining in dairy cattle?: a retrospective study in northeastern Spain. Theriogenology, 60 (1), 89-99. doi: 10.1016/S0093-691X(02)01359-6.
Lopez, H, Satter, LD, & Wiltbank, MC. (2004). Relationship between level of milk production and estrous behavior of lactating dairy cows. Animal Reproduction Science, 81 (3-4), 209-223. doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2003.10.009.
Lovendahl, P & Chagunda, MGG. (2010). On the use of physical activity monitoring for estrus detection in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 93 (1), 249-259. doi:10.3168/jds.2008-1721.
Machado, GV, Torres, CA, Ruas, JRM & Santos, MD. (1998). Detecção de Estro com o Auxílio de Fêmeas Androgenizadas. Arquivos de Ciências Veterinárias e Zoologia da UNIPAR, 1(1), 23-28. doi: 10.25110/arqvet.v1i1.1998.612.
Madureira, AM, Polsky, LB, Burnett, TA., Silper, BF, Soriano, S, Sica, AF, Pohler, KG, Vasconcelos, JLM & Cerri, RLA. (2019). Intensity of estrus following an estradiol-progesterone-based ovulation synchronization protocol influences fertility outcomes. Journal of Dairy Science, 102 (4), 3598-3608. doi:10.3168/jds.2018-15129.
Madureira, AML, Silper, BF, Burnett, TA, Polsky, L, Cruppe, LH, Veira, DM, Vasconcelos, JLM & Cerri, RLA. (2015). Factors affecting expression of estrus measured by activity monitors and conception risk of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 98 (10), 7003-7014. doi:10.3168/jds.2015-9672.
Martins, JPN, Acevedo, MJT, Cunha, TO, Piterini, C & Pursley, JR. (2017). The effect of presynchronization with prostaglandin F2α and gonadotropin-releasing hormone simultaneously, 7 d before Ovsynch, compared with Presynch-10/Ovsynch on luteal function and first-service pregnancies per artificial insemination. Journal of Dairy Science, 100 (6), 5107-5116. doi: 10.3168/jds.2016-11628.
Martiskainen, P, Järvinen, M, Skön, JP, Tiirikainen, J, Kolehmainen, M & Mononen, J. (2009). Cow behaviour pattern recognition using a three-dimensional accelerometer and support vector machines. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 119 (1-2), 32-38. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2009.03.005.
Marques, TC, Leão, KM, Oliveira Viu, MA & Sartori, R. (2014). The effects of progesterone treatment following artificial insemination on the reproductive performance of dairy cows. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 46 (2), 405–410. doi:10.1007/s11250-013-0504-2.
Mayo, LM, Silvia, WJ, Ray, DL, Jones, BW, Stone, AE, Tsai, IC & Heersche, G. (2019). Automated estrous detection using multiple commercial precision dairy monitoring technologies in synchronized dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 102 (3), 2645-2656. doi:10.3168/jds.2018-14738.
McConnell's, P. (2016). The Agricultural Notebook. London, England: Elsevier.
Mello, RRC, Ferreira, JE, Mello, MRB & Palhano, HB. (2015). Aspectos da dinâmica folicular em bovinos. Agropecuária Científica no Semiárido, 10 (4), 01-06. doi: 10.30969/acsa.v10i4.570.
Menezes, LM, Brauner, CC, Pimentel, MA, Moraes, JCF & Amaral, FA. (2011). Desempenho reprodutivo de novilhas de corte expostas a diferentes métodos de bioestimulação. Archivos de Zootecnia, 60 (232), 1347-1350. doi: 10.4321/S0004-05922011000400054.
Michaelis, I, Burfeind, O & Heuwieser, W. (2014). Evaluation of oestrous detection in dairy cattle comparing an automated activity monitoring system to visual observation. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 49 (4), 621-628. doi: 10.1111/rda.12337.
Nebel, RL, Dransfield, MG, Jobst, SM & Bame, JH. (2000). Automated electronic systems for the detection of oestrus and timing of AI in cattle. Animal Reproduction Science, 60, 713-723. doi: 10.1016/S0378-4320(00)00090-7.
Neves, RC, Leslie, KE, Walton, JS & LeBlanc, SJ. (2012). Reproductive performance with an automated activity monitoring system versus a synchronized breeding program. Journal of Dairy Science, 95 (10), 5683-5693. doi: 10.3168/jds.2011-5264.
Omari, M, Lange, A, Plöntzke, J & Roblitz, S. (2020). Model-based exploration of the impact of glucose metabolism on the estrous cycle dynamics in dairy cows. Biology Direct, 15 (2), 1-22. doi: 10.1186/s13062-019-0256-7.
Palhão, MP, Piedade, CDS, Araújo, HL, Fernandes, CDC, Guimarães, CRB, Ribeiro, JR, Reis, WDSM & Viana, JHM. (2014). Sincronização folicular e vascularização do folículo dominante em novilhas mestiças tratadas com estradiol. Revista Brasileira de Ciência Veterinária, 21 (2), 117-121. doi: 10.4322/rbcv.2014.034.
Palmer, MA, Olmos, G, Boyle, LA & Mee, JF. (2010). Estrus detection and estrus characteristics in housed and pastured Holstein–Friesian cows. Theriogenology, 74 (2), 255-264. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.02.009.
Pansani, MA & Beltran, MP. (2009). Anatomia e fisiologia do aparelho reprodutor de fêmeas bovinas. Revista Científica Eletrônica de Medicina Veterinária, ano VII (12). Retrieved April 30, 2020, from http://faef.revista.inf.br/imagens_arquivos/arquivos_destaque/MBlNAo2JHuZSrRY_2013-6-19-10-50-19.pdf
Pate, JL & Townson, DH. (1994). Novel local regulators in luteal regression. Journal of Animal Science, 72 (3), 31-42, Retrieved April 22, 2019, from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David_Townson/publication/267938692_Novel_Local_Regulators_in_Luteal_Regression/links/5460b9120cf27487b4525a63.pdf.
Peralta, OA, Pearson, RE & Nebel, RL. (2005). Comparison of three estrus detection systems during summer in a large commercial dairy herd. Animal Reproduction Science, 87 (1-2), 59-72. doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2004.10.003.
Pereira, MHC, Rodrigues, ADP, De Carvalho, RJ, Wiltbank, MC & Vasconcelos, JLM. (2014). Increasing length of an estradiol and progesterone timed artificial insemination protocol decreases pregnancy losses in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 97 (3), 1454-1464. doi: 10.3168/jds.2013-7287.
Pereira, AS, Shitsuka, DM, Parreira, FJ & Shitsuka, R. (2018). Metodologia do trabalho científico [e-book]. Santa Maria, RS: UFSM, NTE. Retrieved April 2, 2020, from https://repositorio.ufsm.br/bitstream/handle/1/15824/Lic_Computacao_Metodologia-Pesquisa-Cientifica.pdf?sequence=1.
Pereira, MHC, Wiltbank, MC & Vasconcelos, JLM. (2016). Expression of estrus improves fertility and decreases pregnancy losses in lactating dairy cows that receive artificial insemination or embryo transfer. Journal of Dairy Science, 99 (3), 2237–2247. doi: 10.3168/jds.2015-9903.
Pires, MF, Alves, NG, Silva Filho, JM, Camargo, LSA & Verneque, RS. (2003). Comportamento de vacas da raça Gir (Bos taurus indicus) em estro. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 55(2),187-196. doi: 10.1590/S0102-09352003000200010.
Pohler, K. G., Peres, R. F. G., Green, J. A., Graff, H., Martins, T., Vasconcelos, J. L. M., & Smith, MF. (2016). Use of bovine pregnancy-associated glycoproteins to predict late embryonic mortality in postpartum Nelore beef cows. Theriogenology, 85 (9), 1652-1659. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.01.026.
Psb Animal Health. (2020). Retrieved May 2, 2020, from https://www.pbsanimalhealth.com/products/kamar-heatmount-detectors-cattle.
Reith, S & Hoy, S. (2018). Review: Behavioral signs of estrus and the potential of fully automated systems for detection of estrus in dairy cattle, Animal, 12, 398–407. doi: 10.1017/S1751731117001975.
Ricci, A, Li, M, Fricke, PM & Cabrera, VE. (2020). Short communication: Economic impact among 7 reproductive programs for lactating dairy cows, including a sensitivity analysis of the cost of hormonal treatments. Journal of Dairy Science, S0022-0302 (20), 30275-30277. doi: 10.3168/jds.2019-17658.
Rivera, F, Narciso, C, Oliveira, R, Cerri, RLA, Correa-Calderón, A, Chebel, RC & Santos, JEP. (2010). Effect of bovine somatotropin (500 mg) administered at ten-day intervals on ovulatory responses, expression of estrus, and fertility in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 93 (4), 1500-1510. doi: 10.3168/jds.2009-2489.
Roelofs, JB, Graat, EAM, Mullaart, E, Soede, NM, Voskamp-Harkema, W & Kemp, B. (2006). Effects of insemination–ovulation interval on fertilization rates and embryo characteristics in dairy cattle. Theriogenology, 66 (9), 2173-2181. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.07.005.
Roelofs, J, López-Gatius, F, Hunter, RHF, Van Eerdenburg, FJCM & Hanzen, C. (2010). When is a cow in estrus? Clinical and practical aspects. Theriogenology, 74 (3), 327-344. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.02.016.
Roelofs, J. B., Van Eerdenburg, F. J. C. M., Soede, N. M., & Kemp, B. (2005). Various behavioral signs of estrous and their relationship with time of ovulation in dairy cattle. Theriogenology, 63 (5), 1366-1377. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2004.07.009.
Roelofs, JB & Van Erp-van der Kooij, E. (2015). Estrus detection tools and their applicability in cattle: recent and perspectival situation. Animal Reproduction, 12 (3), 498-504, Retrieved May 04, 2020, from https://www.animal-reproduction.org/article/5b5a6033f7783717068b4614/pdf/animreprod-12-3-498.pdf.
Ruiz-Garcia, L & Lunadei, L. (2011). The role of RFID in agriculture: Applications, limitations and challenges. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 79 (1), 42-50. doi: 10.1016/j.compag.2011.08.010.
Ruralban. (2019). Retrieved July 01, 2019, from https://www.ruralban.com/inseminacao-artificial-e-t-e/detector-de-cio/detector-de-cio-estrotect.
Saint‐Dizier, M & Chastant‐Maillard, S. (2012). Towards an automated detection of oestrus in dairy cattle. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 47 (6), 1056-1061. doi: 10.1111/j.1439.0531.2011.01971.
Salles, MGF & Araújo, AA. (2010). Corpo lúteo cíclico e gestacional: revisão. Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal, 34 (3), 185-194, Retrieved April 22, 2019, from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Maria_Gorete_Flores_Salles/publication/272621785_Corpo_luteo_ciclico_e_gestacional_revisao_Cyclic_and_gestational_corpus_luteum_review/links/54ea38c10cf2f7aa4d56e71f.pdf.
Sammad, A, Umer, S, Shi, R, Zhu, H, Zhao, X & Wang, Y. (2019). Dairy cow reproduction under the influence of heat stress. Journal of animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. doi: 10.1111/jpn.13257.
Sartori, R, Fricke, PM, Ferreira, JC, Ginther, OJ, & Wiltbank, MC. (2001). Follicular deviation and acquisition of ovulatory capacity in bovine follicles. Biology of Reproduction, 65 (5), 1403-1409. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod65.5.1403.
Sauls, JA, Voelz, BE, Hill, SL, Mendonça, LGD & Stevenson, JS. (2017). Increasing estrus expression in the lactating dairy cow 1. Journal of Dairy Science, 100 (1), 807–820. doi: 10.3168/jds.2016-11519.
SCR. (2019). Retrieved July 20, 2019, from http://www.scrdairy.com/cow-intelligence/scr-heatime-hr-system.html.
Schüller, LK, Burfeind, O & Heuwieser, W. (2014). Impact of heat stress on conception rate of dairy cows in the moderate climate considering different temperature–humidity index thresholds, periods relative to breeding, and heat load indices. Theriogenology, 81 (8), 1050-1057. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.01.029.
Schüller, LK, Burfeind, O & Heuwieser, W. (2016). Effect of short-and long-term heat stress on the conception risk of dairy cows under natural service and artificial insemination breeding programs. Journal of Dairy Science, 99 (4), 2996-3002. doi: 10.3168/jds.2015-10080.
Senger, P. (2003). Pathways to pregnancy and parturition. Washington: Current Conceptions.
Silper, BF & Cerri, RLA. (2016). Monitores de atividade como ferramenta para detecção de cio. Retrieved June 20, 2019, from http://www.revistaleiteintegral.com.br/noticia/monitores-de-atividade-como-ferramenta-para-deteccao-de-cio.
Silva, PRB, Souza, MA, Santos, SF & Santos, RM. (2011). Regulação farmacológica do ciclo estral de bovinos. Pubvet, 5 (39), 1251-1257. Retrieved May 4, 2020, from http://www.pubvet.com.br/artigo/2168/regulaccedilatildeo-farmacoloacutegica-do-ciclo-estral-de-bovinos.
Siqueira, LC, Oliveira, JFCD, Loguércio, RDS, Löf, HK & Gonçalves, PBD. (2008). Sistemas de inseminação artificial em dois dias com observação de estro ou em tempo fixo para vacas de corte amamentando. Ciência Rural, 38(2), 411-415. doi: 10.1590/S0103-84782008000200019.
Skenandore, CS & Cardoso, FC. (2017). The effect of tail paint formulation and heifer behavior on estrus detection, International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine, 5 (2), 113-120. doi: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2017.08.001.
Smith, MF. (1986). Recent advances in corpus luteum physiology. Journal of Dairy Science, 69 (3), 911-926. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(86)80481-7.
Sobreira, RR, Almeida, IC, Oliveira, FA, Siqueira, JB, Barioni, G, Lima, DV & Siqueira, LA. (2017). Cipionato de estradiol e benzoato de estradiol em protocolos de inseminação artificial em tempo fixo em novilhas mestiças. Veterinária e Zootecnia, 24 (3), 581-591. doi: 10.35172/rvz.2017.v24v295.
Speckhart, S, Franco, G, Maia, T, Dantas, F, Thompson, K, Rhinehart, J & Pohler, K. (2018). Effect of reproductive tract size and position scores and estrus on reproductive performance in beef cows. Journal of Animal Science, 96 (3), 358-358. doi: 10.1093/jas/sky404.787.
Stewart, M, Wilson, MT, Schaefer, AL, Huddart, F & Sutherland, MA. (2017). The use of infrared thermography and accelerometers for remote monitoring of dairy cow health and welfare. Journal of Dairy Science, 100 (5), 3893-3901. doi:10.3168/jds.2016-12055.
Sunderland, SJ, Crowe, MA, Boland, MP, Roche, JF & Ireland, JJ. (1994). Selection, dominance and atresia of follicles during the oestrous cycle of heifers. Reproduction, 101 (3), 547-555. doi:10.1530/jrf.0.1010547.
Thatcher, WW, Guzeloglu, A, Meikle, A, Kamimura, S, Bilby, T, Kowalski, AA, Badinga, L, Pershing, R, Bartolome, J & Santos, JEP. (2003). Regulation of embryo survival in cattle. Society for Reproduction and Fertility, 253-266, Retrieved June 20, 2019 from https://cals.arizona.edu/extension/dairy/todd_pdf/Regulation_embryo_survival_cattle.pdf.
Titi, HH, Kridli, RT & Alnimer, MA. (2010). Estrus synchronization in sheep and goats using combinations of GnRH, progestagen and prostaglandin F2α. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 45 (4), 594-599. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01309.x .
Uribe-Velásquez, LF, Souza, MI.L & Osorio, JH. (2011). Efeito do tempo da aplicação de prostaglandina na resposta folicular em ovelhas durante o ciclo estral. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 40 (5), 985-991. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982011000500007.
Valenza, A, Giordano, JO, Lopes Jr, G, Vincenti, L, Amundson, MC & Fricke, PM. (2012). Assessment of an accelerometer system for detection of estrus and treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone at the time of insemination in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 95 (12), 7115-7127. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5639.
Vasconcelos, JL, Jardina, DT, Sá Filho, OG, Aragon, FL & Veras, MB. (2011). Comparison of progesterone-based protocols with gonadotropin-releasing hormone or estradiol benzoate for timed artificial insemination or embryo transfer in lactating dairy cows. Theriogenology, 75 (6), 1153-1160. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.11.027.
Vasconcelos, GL, Lopes, MA & Reis, EMB. (2015) Detecção eletrônica do estro em vacas leiteiras: uma revisão. Ciência Animal, 25 (2), 48-59. Retrieved May 04, 2020 from http://www.uece.br/cienciaanimal/dmdocuments/artigo04_2015_2.pdf.
Veronese, A, Marques, O, Moreira, R, Belli, AL, Bilby, TR & Chebel, RC. (2019). Estrous characteristics and reproductive outcomes of Holstein heifers treated with 2 prostaglandin formulations and detected in estrus by an automated estrous detection or mounting device. Journal of Dairy Science, 102 (7). doi: 6649-6659. doi:10.3168/jds.2018-15957
Wenzinger, B & Bleul, U. (2012). Effect of a prostaglandin F2α analogue on the cyclic corpus luteum during its refractory period in cows. BMC Veterinary Research, 8 (1), 220. doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-220.
Wiltbank, M, Lopez, H, Sartori, R, Sangsritavong, S & Gümen, A. (2006). Changes in reproductive physiology of lactating dairy cows due to elevated steroid metabolism. Theriogenology, 65 (1), 17-29. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.10.003.
Wiltbank, MC & Pursley, JR. (2014). The cow as an induced ovulator: Timed AI after synchronization of ovulation. Theriogenology, 81 (1), 170-185. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.09.017.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
