Neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases: Mechanisms, biomarkers and therapeutic interventions. A literature review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v13i8.46731Keywords:
Neuroinflammation; Neurodegenerative diseases; Biomarkers.Abstract
Introduction: Neuroinflammation is an inflammatory process in the central nervous system that plays a crucial role in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This study reviews the literature on the mechanisms of neuroinflammation, biomarkers, and therapeutic interventions. Objective: To review the literature on the mechanisms of neuroinflammation, biomarkers, and therapeutic interventions in neurodegenerative diseases. Methodology: The review covers studies on the activation of glial cells and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as the identification of biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid and blood, and the use of imaging techniques such as PET and MRI. Results: The activation of glial cells and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines are central to neuroinflammation, contributing to neuronal death. Biomarkers and imaging techniques are essential for the early detection and monitoring of neuroinflammation. Therapeutic interventions include anti-inflammatories, immunomodulators, physical exercise, and diet. Discussion: The interaction between neuroinflammation and other pathological factors, such as oxidative stress and protein aggregation, is an emerging field. Neuroinflammation is not just a secondary response but also a contributing factor to disease progression. Conclusion: Continued research is vital to developing effective interventions and improving patients' quality of life. Interdisciplinary collaboration and translational research are essential to transforming scientific discoveries into practical treatments. Ongoing investments in research can reveal new insights into the pathogenesis of these diseases and develop innovative interventions to slow or prevent neurodegeneration.
References
Broussard, G. J., Mytar, J., Li, R. C., & Klapstein, G. J. (2012) The role of inflammatory processes in Alzheimer's disease. Inflammopharmacology. 20(3), 109-26.
Cunningham, C. (2013). Microglia and neurodegeneration: the role of systemic inflammation. *Glia, 61(1), 71-90.
Edison, P., Archer, H. A., Gerhard, A., Hinz, R., Pavese, N., Turkheimer, F. E., Hammers, A., Tai, Y. F., Fox, N., Kennedy, A., Rossor, M., & Brooks, D. J. (2008) Microglia, amyloid, and cognition in Alzheimer's disease: An [11C](R)PK11195-PET and [11C]PIB-PET study. Neurobiol Dis. 32(3):412-9.
Ghosh, S., Hayden, M. S., & West, A. P. (2018). NF-κB and the immune response. Oncogene, 25(51), 6758-6780.
Glass, C. K., Saijo, K., Winner, B., Marchetto, M. C., & Gage, F. H. (2010). Mechanisms underlying inflammation in neurodegeneration. Cell, 140(6), 918-934.
Gomez-Pinilla, F. (2008). Brain foods: the effects of nutrients on brain function. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9(7), 568-578.
Heneka, M. T., Carson, M. J., El Khoury, J., Landreth, G. E., Brosseron, F., Feinstein, D. L., & Wyss-Coray, T. (2015). Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. The Lancet Neurology, 14(4), 388-405.
Heneka, M. T., Golenbock, D. T., & Latz, E. (2015). Innate immunity in Alzheimer's disease. Nature Immunology, 16(3), 229-236.
Heneka, M. T., Kummer, M. P., & Latz, E. (2014). Innate immune activation in neurodegenerative disease. Nature Reviews Immunology, 14(7), 463-477.
Heneka, M. T., & Landreth, G. E. (2007). PPARs in the brain. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, 1771(8), 1031-1045.
Heneka, M. T., & O'Banion, M. K. (2007). Inflammatory processes in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 184(1-2), 69-91.
Heppner, F. L., Ransohoff, R. M., & Becher, B. (2015). Immune attack: the role of inflammation in Alzheimer disease. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16(6), 358-372.
Mayne, K., White, J. A., McMurran, C. E., Rivera, F. J. & de la Fuente, A. G. Aging and neurodegenerative disease: is the adaptive immune system a friend or foe? Front. Aging Neurosci. 12, 572090 (2020).
McGeer, P. L., & McGeer, E. G. (2007). NSAIDs and Alzheimer disease: epidemiological, animal model and clinical studies. Neurobiology of Aging, 28(5), 639-647.
Perry, V. H., & Holmes, C. (2014). Microglial priming in neurodegenerative disease. Nature Reviews Neurology, 10(4), 217-224.
Perry, V. H., Nicoll, J. A., & Holmes, C. (2010). Microglia in neurodegenerative disease. Nature Reviews Neurology, 6(4), 193-201.
Ransohoff, R. M. (2016). How neuroinflammation contributes to neurodegeneration. Science, 353(6301), 777-783.
Raskin, J., Cummings, J., Hardy, J., Schuh, K., Dean, R. A. (2015) Neurobiology of Alzheimer's Disease: Integrated Molecular, Physiological, Anatomical, Biomarker, and Cognitive Dimensions. Curr Alzheimer Res. 12(8):712-22.
Streit, W. J., Mrak, R. E., & Griffin, W. S. (2004). Microglia and neuroinflammation: a pathological perspective. Journal of Neuroinflammation, 1(1), 14.
Wyss-Coray, T., & Rogers, J. (2012). Inflammation in Alzheimer disease—a brief review of the basic science and clinical literature. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 2(1), a006346.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Lucas Arruda Lino; Luis Miguel Carvalho Mendes ; Tiago de Aguiar Andrade Ribeiro; Carlos Victor Carvalho Gomes; Evandro Borges Esclavazini Filho; Izabel Mendes da Silva; Lavinia Machado Silva; Natália Borges Emerik; Ana Beatriz Pereira Castro Camilo; Jacob Ricardo Pereira de Carvalho Fernandes ; Nayane Siqueira Coelho; Guilherme Magalhães Rezende
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
