Prebiotics and probiotics in health and treatment of gut diseases: an integrative review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i10.9071Keywords:
Probiotics; Prebiotics; Health; Intestinal diseases; Constipation; Crohn's disease; Ulcerative colitis; Irritable bowel syndrome.Abstract
Objective: to carry out an integrative review on the role of prebiotics and probiotics in maintaining health, as well as their applications in the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methodology: this is an integrative literature review, whose search for studies was carried out in the Cochrane and PubMed databases, with analysis of studies published in the last ten years (2010-2020) written in English. Results: The use of probiotics in CIC and IBS has shown beneficial effects in reducing the symptoms of these diseases, modifying the microbiota and improving the quality of life of patients. In CIC, inulin was the prebiotic with the most positive effects on the symptoms of the disease. In IBD, the use of prebiotics and probiotics showed slightly greater beneficial effects for UC than for CD. Conclusion: Prebiotics and probiotics can bring both preventive and therapeutic benefits to intestinal health, with direct and indirect actions on the microbiota, immunity and metabolic processes of the host. The use of these compounds and microorganisms in the studied diseases show promising results, mainly in the field of probiotics. From the analysis of clinical trials, the promising strains in the treatment of IBD were Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus faecium (DC and RCU) and Clostridium butyricum (RCU). However, we emphasize the need for more homogeneous studies in the treatment of CD with probiotics and prebiotics and the use of prebiotics in IBS.
References
Agachan, F., Chen, T., Pfeifer, J., Reissman, P., & Wexner, S. D. (1996). A constipation scoring system to simplify evaluation and management of constipated patients. Diseases of the Colon and Rectum, 39(6), 681–685.
Antunes, A., Vinderola, G., Xavier-Santos, D., & Sivieri, K. (2020). Potential contribution of beneficial microbes to face the COVID-19 pandemic. Food research international. 136, 109577.
Ansell, J., Butts, C. A., Paturi, G., Eady, S. L., Wallace, A. J., Hedderley, D., & Gearry, R. B. (2015). Kiwifruit-derived supplements increase stool frequency in healthy adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.), 35(5), 401–408.
Asha, M. Z., & Khalil, S. F. (2020). Efficacy and Safety of Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics in the Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal, 20(1), e13.
Bakirtzi, K., Law, I.K.M., Xue, X., Iliopoulos, D., Shah, Y.M., Pothoulakis, C. (2016). Neurotensin promotes the development of colitis and intestinal angiogenesis via Hif-1aemiR-210 signaling. Journal of Immunology, 196(10), 4311-21.
Bjarnason, I., Sission, G., & Hayee, B. (2019). A randomised, double‑blind, placebo‑controlled trial of a multi‑strain probiotic in patients with asymptomatic ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Inflammofarmacologia, 27:465-473.
Bourreille, A., Cadiot, G., Dreau, G.L., Laharie, D., Beaugerie, L., Dupas, J.L., Marteau, P., Rampal, P., Moyse, D., Saleh, A., Guern, M.E.L., & Galmiche, J.P. (2013). Saccharomyces boulardii Does Not Prevent Relapse of Crohn’s Disease. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 11:982–987.
Bustamante, M., Oomah, B. D., Oliveira, W. P., Burgos-Díaz, C., Rubilar, M., & Shene, C. (2020). Probiotics and prebiotics potential for the care of skin, female urogenital tract, and respiratory tract. Folia microbiologica. 65(2), 245–264.
Butel, M.J. (2014). Probiotics, gut microbiota and health. Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses, 44(1), 1-8.
Brosseau, C., Selle, A., Palmer, D. J., Prescott, S. L., Barbarot, S., & Bodinier, M. (2019). Prebiotics: Mechanisms and Preventive Effects in Allergy. Nutrients, 11(8), 1841.
Chambrun, G. P., Neut, C., Chau, A., Cazaubiel, M., Pelerin, F., Justen, P., & Desreumaux, P. (2015). A randomized clinical trial of Saccharomyces cerevisiae versus placebo in the irritable bowel syndrome. Digestive and Liver Disease, 47(2), 119-124.
Chang, L., Di Lorenzo, C., Farrugia, G., Hamilton, F. A., Mawe, G. M., Pasricha, P. J., & Wiley, J. W. (2018). Functional Bowel Disorders: A Roadmap to Guide the Next Generation of Research. Gastroenterology, 154(3), 723–735.
Chen, X., Yang, G., Song, J-H., Xu, H., Li, D., Goldsmith, J. et al. (2013). Probiotic yeast inhibits VEGFR signaling and angiogenesis in intestinal inflammation. PLoS One. 8(5), e64227.
Chung, W. S., Walker, A. W., Louis, P., Parkhill, J., Vermeiren, J., Bosscher, D., Duncan, S. H., & Flint, H. J. (2016). Modulation of the human gut microbiota by dietary fibres occurs at the species level. BMC biology. 14, 3.
Collado Yurrita, L., San Mauro Martín, I., Ciudad-Cabañas, M. J., Calle-Purón, M. E., & Hernández Cabria, M. (2014). Effectiveness of inulin intake on indicators of chronic constipation; a meta-analysis of controlled randomized clinical trials. Nutricion Hospitalaria, 30(2), 244–252.
Costa, S. D. A. L., Almeida, S. L. A. C., Silveira, A. A. D., Guimarães, F. S., Magalhães, G. D., Nether, G. M., ... & de Almeida, Y. A. M. (2020). Uso de probióticos no tratamento de pacientes com síndrome do intestino irritável. Brazilian Journal of Health Review, 3(4), 11047-11060.
Costabile A., Fava F., Röytiö H., Forssten S.D., Olli K., Klievink J., Rowland I.R., Ouwehand A.C., Rastall R.A., Gibson G.R., & Walton, G.E. (2012). Impact of polydextrose on the faecal microbiota: A double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled feeding study in healthy human subjects. British Journal of Nutrition, 108, 471–481.
Crouzet, L., Gaultier, E., Del'Homme, C., Cartier, C., Delmas, E., Dapoigny, M., Fioramonti, J., & Bernalier-Donadille, A. (2013). The hypersensitivity to colonic distension of IBS patients can be transferred to rats through their fecal microbiota. Neurogastroenterol Motil, 25(4): e272-82.
Dale, H. F., Rasmussen, S. H., Asiller, Ö. Ö., & Lied, G. A. (2019). Probiotics in irritable bowel syndrome: An up-to-date systematic review. Nutrients, 11(9), 2048.
Davani-Davari, D., Negahdaripour, M., Karimzadeh, I., Seifan, M., Mohkam, M., Masoumi, S. J., Berenjian, A., & Ghasemi, Y. (2019). Prebiotics: Definition, Types, Sources, Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications. Foods. 8(3), 92.
De Nadai, R., de Melo, C., Custódio, J. P., Ferreira, F. B., Clara, A. P. H. S., Trindade, L. Z., ... & Signorelli, I. V. (2018). Transplante de microbiota fecal no tratamento da síndrome do intestino irritável: uma revisão sistemática. Arq Med Hosp Fac Cienc Med Santa Casa São Paulo, 62(3), 156-159.
Didari, T., Solki. S., Mozaffari. S., Nikfar. S., Abdollahi. M. (2014). A systematic review of the safety of probiotics. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 13, 227–239.
Dimidi, E., Christodoulides, S., Fragkos, K. C., Scott, S. M., & Whelan, K. (2014). The effect of probiotics on functional constipation in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 100(4), 1075–1084.
Dimidi, E., Zdanaviciene, A., Christodoulides, S., Taheri, S., Louis, P., Duncan, P. I., Emami, N., Crabbé, R., De Castro, C. A., McLean, P., Bergonzelli, G. E., Whelan, K., & Mark Scott, S. (2019). Randomised clinical trial: Bifidobacterium lactis NCC2818 probiotic vs placebo, and impact on gut transit time, symptoms, and gut microbiology in chronic constipation. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 49(3), 251–264.
Ford, A. C., Quigley, E. M., Lacy, B. E., Lembo, A. J., Saito, Y. A., Schiller, L. R., Soffer, E. E., Spiegel, B. M., & Moayyedi, P. (2014). Efficacy of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics in irritable bowel syndrome and chronic idiopathic constipation: systematic review and meta-analysis. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 109(10), 1547–1562.
Ganji-Arjenaki, M., & Rafieian-Kopaei, M. (2018). Probiotics are a good choice in remission of inflammatory bowel diseases: A meta analysis and systematic review. J Cell Physiol., 233(3), 2091–2103.
Gibson, G.R., & Roberfroid, M.B. (1995). Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. J.Nutr. 125, 1401-1412.
Gibson, G. R., Hutkins, R., Sanders, M. E., Prescott, S. L., Reimer, R. A., Salminen, S. J., Scott, K., Stanton, C., Swanson, K.S., Cani, P.D, Verbeke, K., & Reid, G. (2017). Expert consensus document: the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 14, 491–502.
Glibowski, P., Skrzypek, M., Ćwiklińska, M., Drozd, M., & Kowalska, A. (2020). Chemical stability of fructans in apple beverages and their influence on chronic constipation. Food & Function, 11, 3860-3866.
Gomes, P. C., & Maynard, D. da C. (2020). Relationship between eating habits, probiotic and prebiotic consumption in the profile of the intestinal microbiota: Integrative review. Research, Society and Development, 9(8), e718986101.
Han, K., Wang, J., Seo, J. G., & Kim, H. (2017). Efficacy of double-coated probiotics for irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Journal of Gastroenterology, 52(4), 432-443.
Harper, A., Naghibi, M. M., & Garcha, D. (2018). The role of bacteria, probiotics and diet in irritable bowel syndrome. Foods, 7(2), 13.
Hod, K., Dekel, R., Aviv Cohen, N., Sperber, A., Ron, Y., Boaz, M., ... & Maharshak, N. (2018). The effect of a multispecies probiotic on microbiota composition in a clinical trial of patients with diarrhea‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterology & Motility, 30(12), e13456.
Ibarra, A., Latreille-Barbier, M., Donazzolo, Y., Pelletier, X., & Ouwehand, A. C. (2018). Effects of 28-day Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 supplementation on colonic transit time and gastrointestinal symptoms in adults with functional constipation: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, and dose-ranging trial. Gut Microbes, 9(3), 236–251.
Jayasimhan, S., Yap, N. Y., Roest, Y., Rajandram, R., & Chin, K. F. (2013). Efficacy of microbial cell preparation in improving chronic constipation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 32(6), 928–934.
Kerry, R.G., Patra, J.K., Gouda, S., Park, Y., Shin, H.-S., & Das, G. (2018). Benefaction of probiotics for human health: A review. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 26(3), 927-939.
Kruis, W., Chrubasik, S., Boehm, S., Stange, C., & Schulze, J. (2012). A double-blind placebo-controlled trial to study therapeutic effects of probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 in subgroups of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. International journal of colorectal disease, 27(4), 467-474.
Lewis, S. J., & Heaton, K. W. (1997). Stool form scale as a useful guide to intestinal transit time. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 32(9), 920–924.
Lyra, A., Hillilä, M., Huttunen, T., Männikkö, S., Taalikka, M., Tennilä, J., ... & Veijola, L. (2016). Irritable bowel syndrome symptom severity improves equally with probiotic and placebo. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 22(48), 10631.
Louis, P., Flint, H. J., & Michel, C. (2016). How to Manipulate the Microbiota: Prebiotics. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 902, 119–142.
Magro, D. O., de Oliveira, L. M., Bernasconi, I., Ruela, M., Credidio, L., Barcelos, I. K., Leal, R. F., Ayrizono, M., Fagundes, J. J., Teixeira, L., Ouwehand, A. C., & Coy, C. S. (2014). Effect of yogurt containing polydextrose, Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM and Bifidobacterium lactis HN019: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study in chronic constipation. Nutrition journal, 13, 75.
Marion-Letellier, R., Savoye, G., & Ghosh, S. (2016). IBD: In Food We Trust. Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis. 10(11), 1351–1361.
Martín, R. & Langella, P. (2019). Emerging Health Concepts in the Probiotics Field: Streamlining the Definitions. Frontiers and Microbiology, 10, 1047.
Matsuoka, K., Uemura, Y., Kanai, T., Kunisaki, R., Suzuki, Y., Yokoyama, K., Yoshimura, N., & Hibi, T. (2018). Eficacy of Bifdobacterium breve Fermented Milk in Maintaining Remission of Ulcerative Colitis. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 63(7), 1910–1919.
McKenney, P.T., & Pamer, E.G. (2015). From hype to hope: the gut microbiota in enteric infectious disease. Cell. 163(6), 1326-1332.
Mendonça, A. P. M. D., Yamashita, L. M., Silva, E. D., Solar, I., Santos, L. A. O., & Vasques, A. C. J. (2020). Estado nutricional, qualidade de vida e hábitos de vida em mulheres com síndrome do intestino irritável: um estudo caso-controle. Arquivos de Gastroenterologia, 57(2), 114-120.
Micka, A., Siepelmeyer, A., Holz, A., Theis, S., & Schön, C. (2017). Effect of consumption of chicory inulin on bowel function in healthy subjects with constipation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 68(1), 82–89.
Milani, C., Ferrario, C., Turroni, F., Duranti, S., Mangifesta, M., van Sinderen, D., & Ventura, M. (2016).The human gut microbiota and its interactive connections to diet. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. 29(5), 539-546.
Miller, L. E., Zimmermann, A. K., & Ouwehand, A. C. (2016). Contemporary meta-analysis of short-term probiotic consumption on gastrointestinal transit. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 22(21), 5122–5131.
Nath, A., Molnár, M. A., Csighy, A., Kőszegi, K., Galambos, I., Huszár, K. P., Koris, A., & Vatai, G. (2018). Biological Activities of Lactose-Based Prebiotics and Symbiosis with Probiotics on Controlling Osteoporosis, Blood-Lipid and Glucose Levels. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania). 54(6), 98.
Niv, E., Halak, A., Tiommny, E., Yanai, H., Strul, H., Naftali, T., & Vaisman, N. (2016). Randomized clinical study: Partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) versus placebo in the treatment of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Nutrition & Metabolism, 13(1), 1-7.
Oh, J. H., Jang, Y. S., Kang, D., Chang, D. K., & Min, Y. W. (2019). Efficacy and Safety of New Lactobacilli Probiotics for Unconstipated Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 11(12), 2887.
Ojetti, V., Ianiro, G., Tortora, A., D'Angelo, G., Di Rienzo, T. A., Bibbò, S., Migneco, A., & Gasbarrini, A. (2014). The effect of Lactobacillus reuteri supplementation in adults with chronic functional constipation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, 23(4), 387–391.
Olveira, G., & González-Molero, I. (2016). Actualización de probióticos, prebióticos y simbióticos en nutrición clínica. Endocrinol y Nutr., 63(9), 482–94.
Orel, R., & Trop, T.K. (2014). Intestinal microbiota, probiotics and prebiotics in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol, 20(33), 11505–24.
Parker, E.A., Roy, T., D'Adamo, C.R., & Wieland, L.S. (2018). Probiotics and gastrointestinal conditions: An overview of evidence from the Cochrane Collaboration. Nutrition. 45, 125-134.
Patel, R., & DuPont, H.L. (2015). New Approaches for Bacteriotherapy: Prebiotics, new-generation probiotics, and synbiotics. Clin Infect Dis. 60(2), 108–121.
Pereira, A.S., Shitsuka, D.M., Parreira, F.J., & Shitsuka, R. (2018). Metodologia da pesquisa científica. Santa Maria, RS: UFSM, NTE. Recuperado de https://repositorio.ufsm.br/bitstream/handle/1/15824/Lic_Computacao_Metodologia-Pesquisa-Cientifica.pdf?sequence=1.
Pinto-Sanchez, M. I., Hall, G. B., Ghajar, K., Nardelli, A., Bolino, C., Lau, J. T., ... & Traynor, J. (2017). Probiotic Bifidobacterium longum NCC3001 reduces depression scores and alters brain activity: a pilot study in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology, 153(2), 448-459.
Plaza-Diaz, J., Ruiz-Ojeda, F. J., Gil-Campos, M., & Gil, A. (2019). Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics. Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.). 10(suppl.1), S49–S66.
Preter, V.D., Joossens, M., Ballet, V., Shkedy, Z., Rutgeerts, P., Vermeire, S., & Verbeke, K. (2013). Metabolic Profiling of the Impact of Oligofructose Enriched Inulin in Crohn’s Disease Patients: A Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial. Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology, 4 (1), e30 – e30.
Rajilić-Stojanović, M., Smidt, H., & de Vos, W. M. (2007). Diversity of the human gastrointestinal tract microbiota revisited. Environmental microbiology. 9(9), 2125–2136.
Reid, G. (2016). Probiotics: definition, scope and mechanisms of action. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 30(1), 17-25.
Roberfroid, M., Gibson, G.R., Hoyles, L., McCartney, A.L., Rastall, R., Rowland, I., Wolvers, D., Watzl, B., Szajewska, H., Stahl, B., Guarner, F., Respondek, F., Whelan, K., Coxam, V., Davicco, M.J., Léotoing, L., Wittrant, Y., Delzenne, N.M., Cani, P.D., Neyrinck, A.M., & Meheust, A. (2010). Prebiotic effects: metabolic and health benefits. British Journal of Nutrition, 104 (Suppl. 2), S1-S63.
Sanders, M.E., Merenstein, D.J., Reid, G., Gibson, G.R., & Rastall, R.A. (2019). Probiotics and prebiotics in intestinal health and disease: from biology to the clinic. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 16, 605–616.
Sant’Anna, M.S.L., Rodrigues, V.C., Araújo, T.F., Oliveira, T.T., Peluzio, M.C.G., Ferreira, C.L.L.F. (2015). Yacon-Based product in the modulation of intestinal constipation. Journal of Medicinal Food, 18(9), 980-986.
Sender, R., Fuchs, S., & Milo, R. (2016). Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body. PLoS biology. 14(8), e1002533.
Scott, K. P., Martin, J. C., Duncan, S. H., & Flint, H. J. (2014). Prebiotic stimulation of human colonic butyrate-producing bacteria and bifidobacteria, in vitro. FEMS microbiology ecology. 87(1), 30–40.
Shadnoush, M., Hosseini, R.S., Khalilnezhad, A., Navai, L., Goudarzi, H., & Vaezjalali, M. (2015). Effects of Probiotics on Gut Microbiota in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial. J Gastroenterol., 65(4):215-221.
Sharma, A., & Rao, S. (2017). Constipation: Pathophysiology and Current Therapeutic Approaches. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 239, 59–74.
Silveira, R.C.C.P. (2005). O cuidado da enfermagem e o cateter de Hickman: a busca de evidências (Dissertação de mestrado). Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Recuperado de https://teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/22 /22132/tde-15082007-153503/publico/RenataCristinadeCamposPereiraSilveira.pdf
Staudacher HM, Whelan K. (2016). Altered gastrointestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome and its modification by diet: probiotics, prebiotics and the low FODMAP diet. Proc Nutr Soc., 75(3), 306-18.
Stevenson, C., Blaauw, R., Fredericks, E., Visser, J., & Roux, S. (2019). Probiotic effect and dietary correlations on faecal microbiota profiles in irritable bowel syndrome. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1-6.
Tamaki, H., Nakase, H., Inoue, S., Kawanami, C., Itani, T., Ohana, M., Kusaka, T., Uose, S., Hisatsune, H., Tojo, M., Noda, T., Arasawa, S., Izuta, M., Kubo, A., Ogawa, C., Matsunaka, T., & Shibatouge, M. (2016). Efficacy of probiotic treatment with Bifidobacterium longum 536 for induction of remission in active ulcerative colitis: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Digestive Endoscopy, 28, 67–74.
Thijssen, A. Y., Clemens, C. H., Vankerckhoven, V., Goossens, H., Jonkers, D. M., & Masclee, A. A. (2016). Efficacy of Lactobacillus casei Shirota for patients with irritable bowel syndrome. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 28(1), 8-14.
Tzounis, X., Rodriguez-Mateos, A., Vulevic, J., Gibson, G. R., Kwik-Uribe, C., & Spencer, J. P. (2011). Prebiotic evaluation of cocoa-derived flavanols in healthy humans by using a randomized, controlled, double-blind, crossover intervention study. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 93(1), 62–72.
Wang, H., Gao, K., Wen, K., Allen, I. C., Li, G., Zhang, W., Kocher, J., Yang, X., Giri-Rachman, E., Li, G. H., Clark-Deener, S., & Yuan, L. (2016). Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG modulates innate signaling pathway and cytokine responses to rotavirus vaccine in intestinal mononuclear cells of gnotobiotic pigs transplanted with human gut microbiota. BMC microbiology. 16(1), 109.
Whisner, C. M., & Castillo, L. F. (2018). Prebiotics, Bone and Mineral Metabolism. Calcified tissue international. 102(4), 443–479.
Wildt, S., Nordgaard, I., Hansen, U., Brockmann, E., Rumessen, J.J. (2011). A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial with Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Journal of Crohn and Colitis, 5(2), 115–121.
World Gastroenterology Organization Practice Guidelines. (2015). Síndrome do intestino irritável: uma Perspectiva Mundial. WGO Global Guidelines. Recuperado de https://www.worldgastroenterology.org.
World Health Organization - WHO. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations – FAO. (2001). Health and nutritional properties of probiotics in food including powder milk with live lactic acid bacteria. Córdoba: Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Evaluation of Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food Including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria. Recuperado de http://www.fao.org/3/a-a0512e.pdf.
Yasueda, A., Mizushima, T., Nezu, R., Sumi, R., Tanaka, M., Nishimura, J., Kai, Y., Hirota, M., Osawa, H., Nakajima, K., Mori, M., & Ito, T. (2016). The effect of Clostridium utyricum MIYAIRI on the prevention of pouchitis and alteration of the microbiota profle in patients with ulcerative colitis. Surgery Today, 46,939–949
Yatsunenko, T., Rey, F. E., Manary, M. J., Trehan, I., Dominguez-Bello, M. G., Contreras, M., Magris, M., Hidalgo, G., Baldassano, R. N., Anokhin, A. P., Heath, A. C., Warner, B., Reeder, J., Kuczynski, J., Caporaso, J. G., Lozupone, C. A., Lauber, C., Clemente, J. C., Knights, D., Knight, R., … Gordon, J. I. (2012). Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature. 486(7402), 222–227.
Yılmaz, İ., Dolar, M.E., & Özpınar, H. (2019). Effect of administering kefir on the changes in fecal microbiota and symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease: A randomized controlled trial. Turk J Gastroenterol. 30(3): 242-53.
Yoon, J. S., Sohn, W., Lee, O. Y., Lee, S. P., Lee, K. N., Jun, D. W., ... & Seo, J. G. (2014). Effect of multispecies probiotics on irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 29(1), 52-59.
Yoon, J. Y., Cha, J. M., Oh, J. K., Tan, P. L., Kim, S. H., Kwak, M. S., Jeon, J. W., & Shin, H. P. (2018). Probiotics Ameliorate Stool Consistency in Patients with Chronic Constipation: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 63(10), 2754–2764.
Ze, X., Duncan, S. H., Louis, P., & Flint, H. J. (2012). Ruminococcus bromii is a keystone species for the degradation of resistant starch in the human colon. The ISME journal. 6(8), 1535–1543.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Chayane Gomes Marques; Edna Milene Ribeiro Maia da Cruz; Valéria Mendes Bezerra; Joana Talita Galdino Costa; Sandra Machado Lira; Marcelo Oliveira Holanda; José Ytalo Gomes da Silva; Natália do Vale Canabrava; Bruno Bezerra da Silva; Maria Izabel Florindo Guedes
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
