Effects of vitamin D on the prevention and treatment of COVID 19: a systematic review

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i12.11174

Keywords:

Coronavirus Infections; Vitamin D Deficiency; Nutritional Therapy; Prevention; COVID-19; Treatment.

Abstract

Introduction: Currently, the world has faced one of the largest pandemies with SARS-CoV-2, which causes the COVID-19 disease. It is notorious that its clinical spectrum has a wide variation, ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe conditions. Among some potential factors being correlated by research with infection and disease severity is vitamin D. Thus, the present study aims to understand the effects of vitamin D on the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted in the PubMed, Cochrane and Scielo databases, based on articles published in 2019 and 2020. Of the 319 articles identified, 7 were selected from observational studies and one clinical trial. Results: Few studies are available to date, and studies have brought controversial results, since observational studies have associated that low vitamin D levels could interfere with the prevention and severity of the disease, but others have not observed associations. Conclusion: There is still no scientific basis for establishing a causal relationship between vitamin D levels and SARS-CoV-2 infection, whether in prevention, treatment or mortality. Therefore, further studies are needed to understand how these factors interact.

References

Aranow, C. (2011). Vitamin D and the immune system. Journal of investigative medicine: the official publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research, 59(6), 881–886. https://doi.org/10.2310/JIM.0b013e31821b8755

Boulware, D. R., Pullen, M. F., Bangdiwala, A. S., Pastick, K. A., Lofgren, S. M., Okafor, E. C., Skipper, C. P., Nascene, A. A., Nicol, M. R., Abassi, M., Engen, N. W., Cheng, M. P., LaBar, D., Lother, S. A., MacKenzie, L. J., Drobot, G., Marten, N., Zarychanski, R., Kelly, L. E., Schwartz, I. S, & Hullsiek, K. H. (2020). A Randomized Trial of Hydroxychloroquine as Postexposure Prophylaxis for Covid-19. The New England Journal of Medicine, 383(6), 517–525. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2016638

Caccialanza, R., Laviano, A., Lobascio, F., Montagna, E., Bruno, R., Ludovisi, S., Corsico, A. G., Di Sabatino, A., Belliato, M., Calvi, M., Iacona, I., Grugnetti, G., Bonadeo, E., Muzzi, A, & Cereda, E. (2020). Early nutritional supplementation in non-critically ill patients hospitalized for the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Rationale and feasibility of a shared pragmatic protocol. Nutrition, 74, 110835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2020.110835

Cao, B., Wang, Y., Wen, D., Liu, W., Wang, J., Fan, G., Ruan, L., Song, B., Cai, Y., Wei, M., Li, X., Xia, J., Chen, N., Xiang, J., Yu, T., Bai, T., Xie, X., Zhang, L., Li, C., Yuan, Y, & Wang, C. (2020). A Trial of Lopinavir-Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Severe Covid-19. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(19), 1787–1799. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001282

Charoenngam, N, & Holick, M. F. (2020). Immunologic Effects of Vitamin D on Human Health and Disease. Nutrients, 12(7), 2097. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12072097

D'Avolio, A., Avataneo, V., Manca, A., Cusato, J., De Nicolò, A., Lucchini, R., Keller, F, & Cantù, M. (2020). 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations Are Lower in Patients with Positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2. Nutrients, 12(5), 1359. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051359

Entrenas, C. M., Entrenas, C. L. M., Vaquero, B. J. M., Alcalá, D. J. F., López, M. J., Bouillon, R, & Quesada, G. J. M. (2020). Effect of calcifediol treatment and best available therapy versus best available therapy on intensive care unit admission and mortality among patients hospitalized for COVID-19: A pilot randomized clinical study. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 203, 105751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105751

Galvão, T. F., Pansani, T. S. A, & Harrad, D. (2015). Principais itens para relatar Revisões sistemáticas e Meta-análises: A recomendação PRISMA. Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde, 24(2), 335-342. https://doi.org/10.5123/S1679-49742015000200017

Grant, W. B., Lahore, H., McDonnell, S. L., Baggerly, C. A., French, C. B., Aliano, J. L, & Bhattoa, H. P. (2020). Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths. Nutrients, 12(4), 988. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12040988

Greiller, C. L, & Martineau, A. R. (2015). Modulation of the immune response to respiratory viruses by vitamin D. Nutrients, 7(6), 4240–4270. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7064240

Guan, W. J., Ni, Z. Y., Hu, Y., Liang, W. H., Ou, C. Q., He, J. X., Liu, L., Shan, H., Lei, C. L., Hui, D., Du, B., Li, L. J., Zeng, G., Yuen, K. Y., Chen, R. C., Tang, C. L., Wang, T., Chen, P. Y., Xiang, J, & Li, S. Y. China Medical Treatment Expert Group for Covid-19 (2020). Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(18), 1708–1720. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032

Hastie, C. E., Mackay, D. F., Ho, F., Celis-Morales, C. A., Katikireddi, S. V., Niedzwiedz, C. L., Jani, B. D., Welsh, P., Mair, F. S., Gray, S. R., O'Donnell, C. A., Gill, J. M., Sattar, N, & Pell, J. P. (2020). Vitamin D concentrations and COVID-19 infection in UK Biobank. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome, 14(4), 561–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.050

Ilie, P. C., Stefanescu, S, & Smith, L. (2020). The role of vitamin D in the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 32(7), 1195–1198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-020-01570-8

Laird, E., Rhodes, J, & Kenny, R. A. (2020). Vitamin D and Inflammation: Potential Implications for Severity of Covid-19. Irish Medical Journal, 113(5), 81.

Marques, C., Dantas, A., Fragoso, T, & Duarte, A. (2010). A importância dos níveis de vitamina D nas doenças autoimunes. Revista Brasileira de Reumatologia, 50(1), 67-80. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0482-50042010000100007

Mendy, A., Apewokin, S., Wells, A. A, & Morrow, A. L. (2020). Factors Associated with Hospitalization and Disease Severity in a Racially and Ethnically Diverse Population of COVID-19 Patients. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.25.20137323

Pereira, A. S., Shitsuka, D. M., Parreira, F. J, & Shitsuka, R. (2018). Metodologia da Pesquisa Científica [e-book]. Santa Maria. 1ª ed. UAB/NTE/UFSM. Recuperado de: https://repositorio.ufsm.br/bitstream/handle/1/15824/Lic_Computacao_Metodologia-Pesquisa-Cientifica.pdf?sequence=1.

Prietl, B., Treiber, G., Pieber, T. R, & Amrein, K. (2013). Vitamin D and immune function. Nutrients, 5(7), 2502–2521. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5072502

Santos, C., Pimenta, C, & Nobre, M. (2007). A estratégia PICO para a construção da pergunta de pesquisa e busca de evidências. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 15(3), 508-511. https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692007000300023

Sifuentes-Rodríguez, E, & Palacios-Reyes, D. (2020). COVID-19: The outbreak caused by a new coronavirus. COVID-19: la epidemia causada por un nuevo coronavirus. Boletin Medico del Hospital Infantil de Mexico, 77(2), 47–53. https://doi.org/10.24875/BMHIM.20000039

Skipper, C. P., Pastick, K. A., Engen, N. W., Bangdiwala, A. S., Abassi, M., Lofgren, S. M., Williams, D. A., Okafor, E. C., Pullen, M. F., Nicol, M. R., Nascene, A. A., Hullsiek, K. H., Cheng, M. P., Luke, D., Lother, S. A., MacKenzie, L. J., Drobot, G., Kelly, L. E., Schwartz, I. S., Zarychanski, R, & Boulware, D. R. (2020). Hydroxychloroquine in Nonhospitalized Adults with Early COVID-19: A Randomized Trial. Annals of internal medicine, 173(8), 623–631. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-4207

Urashima, M., Segawa, T., Okazaki, M., Kurihara, M., Wada, Y, & Ida, H. (2010). Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation to prevent seasonal influenza A in schoolchildren. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 91(5), 1255–1260. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.29094

Wang, Y., Zhang, D., Du, G., Du, R., Zhao, J., Jin, Y., Fu, S., Gao, L., Cheng, Z., Lu, Q., Hu, Y., Luo, G., Wang, K., Lu, Y., Li, H., Wang, S., Ruan, S., Yang, C., Mei, C., Wang, Y, & Wang, C. (2020). Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. The Lancet, 395(10236), 1569–1578. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31022-9

World Health Organization (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019.

Zdrenghea, M. T., Makrinioti, H., Bagacean, C., Bush, A., Johnston, S. L, & Stanciu, L. A. (2017). Vitamin D modulation of innate immune responses to respiratory viral infections. Reviews in Medical Virology, 27(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.1909

Zemb, P., Bergman, P, Camargo, C. A, Jr, Cavalier, E., Cormier, C., Courbebaisse, M., Hollis, B., Joulia, F., Minisola, S., Pilz, S., Pludowski, P., Schmitt, F., Zdrenghea, M, & Souberbielle, J. C. (2020). Vitamin D deficiency and the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance, 22, 133–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2020.05.006

Published

26/12/2020

How to Cite

MOREIRA, T. P.; COSTA, V. de S. .; FERRETO, L. E. D.; WENDT, G. W. Effects of vitamin D on the prevention and treatment of COVID 19: a systematic review. Research, Society and Development, [S. l.], v. 9, n. 12, p. e32191211174, 2020. DOI: 10.33448/rsd-v9i12.11174. Disponível em: https://rsdjournal.org/index.php/rsd/article/view/11174. Acesso em: 16 nov. 2024.

Issue

Section

Health Sciences