The psychological effects of social distancing caused by the new Coronavirus in university students

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i8.17245

Keywords:

Coronavirus; COVID-19; Social isolation; Mental health; Students.

Abstract

Social distancing measures implemented to curb the spread of the new coronavirus can have a disastrous result and trigger negative psychological effects. College students seem to be particularly impacted by the restrictions arising from COVID-19. In this scenario, the aim of this study was to analyze the psychological effects of social distancing resulting from COVID-19 in undergraduate students. This is a narrative review of the literature, carried out from the search for scientific articles in the PubMed, Scielo and Science Direct databases, published in the period 2020 and 2021, using the descriptors "Coronavirus", "Covid-19", “Social Isolation”, “Mental Health” and “Students”. The results suggest that university students already have a tendency to develop psychiatric disorders and that the outbreak of COVID-19 further accentuated mental suffering in this population, indicating that the social distance resulting from the current pandemic can have a strong influence on psychological health and that women and younger people are at increased risk for developing disorders. However, it is not possible to conclude that, by itself, social distancing is capable of inducing psychological distress, denoting the need for further studies that consider this aspect.

References

Baker, E., & Clark, L. L. (2020). Biopsychopharmacosocial approach to assess impact of social distancing and isolation on mental health in older adults. British Journal of Community Nursing, 25(5), 231–238. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjcn.2020.25.5.231.

Balasuriya, L., Jorgensen, S., & Swartz, M. S. (2021). Prevention in the Era of COVID-19 and the Role of Behavioral Health Care Teams. Psychiatric Services, 72(4), 369–369. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.72401.

Bao, Y., Sun, Y., Meng, S., Shi, J., & Lu, L. (2020). 2019-nCoV epidemic: address mental health care to empower society. The Lancet, 395(10224), e37–e38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30309-3.

Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, Vol. 395, p. 912–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8.

Cascella, M., Rajnik, M., Aleem, A., Scott, C., Napoli, R. Di, Mariano, V., & Network, H. (2021). Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of Coronavirus (COVID-19). StatPearls Publishing.

Christensen, S. R., Pilling, E. B., Eyring, J. B., Dickerson, G., Sloan, C. D., & Magnusson, B. M. (2020). Political and personal reactions to COVID-19 during initial weeks of social distancing in the United States. PLoS ONE, 15(9 September), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239693.

Fauci, A. S., Lane, H. C., & Redfield, R. R. (2020). Covid-19 — Navigating the Uncharted. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(13), 1268–1269. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe2002387.

Fruehwirth, J. C., Biswas, S., & Perreira, K. M. (2021). The Covid-19 pandemic and mental health of first-year college students: Examining the effect of Covid-19 stressors using longitudinal data. PLOS ONE, 16(3), e0247999. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247999.

Garfin, D. R., Silver, R. C., & Holman, E. A. (2020). The novel coronavirus (COVID-2019) outbreak: Amplification of public health consequences by media exposure. Health Psychology, 39(5), 355–357. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000875.

Garvey, A. M., García, I. J., Franco, S. H. O., & Fernández, C. M. (2021). The psychological impact of strict and prolonged confinement on business students during the COVID-19 pandemic at a Spanish university. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041710.

Giovanetti, M., Benedetti, F., Campisi, G., Ciccozzi, A., Fabris, S., Ceccarelli, G., & Ciccozzi, M. (2021). Evolution patterns of SARS-CoV-2: Snapshot on its genome variants. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 538(January), 88–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.102.

Hagerty, S. L., & Williams, L. M. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on mental health: The interactive roles of brain biotypes and human connection. Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health, 5, 100078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100078.

Husky, M. M., Kovess-Masfety, V., & Swendsen, J. D. (2020). Stress and anxiety among university students in France during Covid-19 mandatory confinement. Comprehensive Psychiatry, Vol. 102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152191.

Jia, R., Ayling, K., Chalder, T., Massey, A., Broadbent, E., Coupland, C., & Vedhara, K. (2020). Mental health in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic: cross-sectional analyses from a community cohort study. BMJ open, 10(9), e040620. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040620.

Kohls, E., Baldofski, S., Moeller, R., Klemm, S.-L., & Rummel-Kluge, C. (2021). Mental Health, Social and Emotional Well-Being, and Perceived Burdens of University Students During COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown in Germany. Frontiers in Psychiatry, Vol. 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.643957.

Li, Z., Ge, J., Yang, M., Feng, J., Qiao, M., Jiang, R., & Yang, C. (2020). Vicarious traumatization in the general public, members, and non-members of medical teams aiding in COVID-19 control. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 88, 916–919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.007.

Lima, C., PMM, C., IAAS, L., JVAO, N., JS, S., de Souza RI, & MLR, N. (2020). The emotional impact of Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (new Coronavirus disease). Psychiatry research, Vol. 287, p. 112915. Recuperado de https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32199182/.

Lopez-Carral, H., Grechuta, K., & Verschure, P. F. M. J. (2020). Subjective ratings of emotive stimuli predict the impact of the COVID-19 quarantine on affective states. PLoS ONE, 15(8 August), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237631.

Markowitz, J. C., Milrod, B., Heckman, T. G., Bergman, M., Amsalem, D., Zalman, H., & Neria, Y. (2021). Psychotherapy at a Distance. American Journal of Psychiatry, 178(3), 240–246. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20050557.

Montemurro, N. (2020). The emotional impact of COVID-19: From medical staff to common people. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 23–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.032.

Mota, D. C. B., Silva, Y. V., Costa, T. A. F., Aguiar, M. H. da C., Marques, M. E. de M., & Monaquezi, R. M. (2021). Saúde mental e uso de internet por estudantes universitários : estratégias de enfrentamento no contexto da COVID-19. Ciencia & saude coletiva, (1678–4561).

Nascimento, E. F. do, Monte, L. M. I. do, Nascimento, M. A. C. do, Mateus, A. da S., Sousa Júnior, P. de T. X., & Siqueira, F. I. do M. R. (2020). Juventude universitária e o isolamento social na pandemia COVID-19: Emprego, Sociabilidade e Família. Research, Society and Development, 9, e17191210995. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i12.10995.

Odriozola-González, P., Planchuelo-Gómez, Á., Irurtia, M. J., & de Luis-García, R. (2020). Psychological effects of the COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown among students and workers of a Spanish university. Psychiatry Research, 290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113108.

Romeo, A., Benfante, A., Castelli, L., & Di Tella, M. (2021). Psychological Distress among Italian University Students Compared to General Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5), 2503. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052503.

Silva, A. C. da, Martins, D. da S., Santiago, A. T., Santos, O. S., Paes, C. J. O., Silva, A. C. da, & Araújo, P. X. de. (2020). O impacto psicológico da pandemia de COVID-19 nos acadêmicos de medicina da região de Carajás / The psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical students in the region of Carajás. Brazilian Journal of Health Review, 3(6), 19731–19747. https://doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv3n6-349.

Smith, A. C., Thomas, E., Snoswell, C. L., Haydon, H., Mehrotra, A., Clemensen, J., & Caffery, L. J. (2020). Telehealth for global emergencies: Implications for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 26(5), 309–313. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X20916567.

Son, C., Hegde, S., Smith, A., Wang, X., & Sasangohar, F. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 on College Students’ Mental Health in the United States: Interview Survey Study. Journal of medical Internet research, 22(9), e21279. https://doi.org/10.2196/21279.

Sun, S., Goldberg, S. B., Lin, D., Qiao, S., & Operario, D. (2021). Psychiatric symptoms, risk, and protective factors among university students in quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Globalization and Health, Vol. 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-021-00663-x.

Troyer, E. A., Kohn, J. N., & Hong, S. (2020). Are we facing a crashing wave of neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19? Neuropsychiatric symptoms and potential immunologic mechanisms. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 34–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.027.

Vieira, C. M., Franco, O. H., Gómez Restrepo, C., & Abel, T. (2020). COVID-19: The forgotten priorities of the pandemic. Maturitas, 136, 38–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.04.004.

Wathelet, M., Duhem, S., Vaiva, G., Baubet, T., Habran, E., Veerapa, E., &D’Hondt, F. (2020). Factors Associated With Mental Health Disorders Among University Students in France Confined During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Network Open, 3(10), e2025591. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.25591.

Wieczorek, T., Kołodziejczyk, A., Ciułkowicz, M., Maciaszek, J., Misiak, B., Rymaszewska, J., & Szcześniak, D. (2021). Class of 2020 in Poland: Students’ Mental Health during the COVID-19 Outbreak in an Academic Setting. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 2884. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062884.

Xiao, H., Shu, W., Li, M., Li, Z., Tao, F., Wu, X., & Hu, Y. (2020). Social distancing among medical students during the 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic in china: Disease awareness, anxiety disorder, depression, and behavioral activities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(14), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145047.

Yang, K. H., Wang, L., Liu, H., Li, L. X., & Jiang, X. L. (2021). Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 on the mental health of university students in Sichuan Province, China: An online cross-sectional study. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12828.

Zhao, S. Z., Wong, J. Y. H., Wu, Y., Choi, E. P. H., Wang, M. P., & Lam, T. H. (2020). Social distancing compliance under covid-19 pandemic and mental health impacts: A population-based study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186692

Published

05/07/2021

How to Cite

CARVALHO, A. F. M. de .; SOUSA, G. G. de . The psychological effects of social distancing caused by the new Coronavirus in university students. Research, Society and Development, [S. l.], v. 10, n. 8, p. e9710817245, 2021. DOI: 10.33448/rsd-v10i8.17245. Disponível em: https://rsdjournal.org/index.php/rsd/article/view/17245. Acesso em: 22 nov. 2024.

Issue

Section

Review Article