Los efectos psicológicos del distanciamiento social provocado por el nuevo Coronavirus en estudiantes universitarios
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i8.17245Palabras clave:
Coronavirus; COVID-19; Aislamiento social; Salud mental; Estudiantes.Resumen
Las medidas de distanciamiento social implementadas para frenar la propagación del nuevo coronavirus pueden tener un resultado desastroso y desencadenar efectos psicológicos negativos. Los estudiantes universitarios parecen verse particularmente afectados por las restricciones derivadas de COVID-19. En este escenario, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los efectos psicológicos del distanciamiento social derivado del COVID-19 en estudiantes de pregrado. Se trata de una revisión narrativa de la literatura, realizada a partir de la búsqueda de artículos científicos en las bases de datos PubMed, Scielo y Science Direct, publicados en el período 2020 y 2021, utilizando los descriptores "Coronavirus", "Covid-19", “Social Isolation”, “Mental Health” y “Students”. Los resultados sugieren que los estudiantes universitarios ya tienen una tendencia a desarrollar trastornos psiquiátricos y que el brote de COVID-19 acentuó aún más el sufrimiento mental en esta población, lo que indica que la distancia social resultante de la pandemia actual puede tener una fuerte influencia en la salud psicológica y que las mujeres y las personas más jóvenes tienen un mayor riesgo de desarrollar trastornos. Sin embargo, no es posible concluir que, por sí solo, el distanciamiento social sea capaz de inducir malestar psicológico, lo que denota la necesidad de más estudios que consideren este aspecto.
Citas
Baker, E., & Clark, L. L. (2020). Biopsychopharmacosocial approach to assess impact of social distancing and isolation on mental health in older adults. British Journal of Community Nursing, 25(5), 231–238. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjcn.2020.25.5.231.
Balasuriya, L., Jorgensen, S., & Swartz, M. S. (2021). Prevention in the Era of COVID-19 and the Role of Behavioral Health Care Teams. Psychiatric Services, 72(4), 369–369. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.72401.
Bao, Y., Sun, Y., Meng, S., Shi, J., & Lu, L. (2020). 2019-nCoV epidemic: address mental health care to empower society. The Lancet, 395(10224), e37–e38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30309-3.
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, Vol. 395, p. 912–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8.
Cascella, M., Rajnik, M., Aleem, A., Scott, C., Napoli, R. Di, Mariano, V., & Network, H. (2021). Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of Coronavirus (COVID-19). StatPearls Publishing.
Christensen, S. R., Pilling, E. B., Eyring, J. B., Dickerson, G., Sloan, C. D., & Magnusson, B. M. (2020). Political and personal reactions to COVID-19 during initial weeks of social distancing in the United States. PLoS ONE, 15(9 September), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239693.
Fauci, A. S., Lane, H. C., & Redfield, R. R. (2020). Covid-19 — Navigating the Uncharted. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(13), 1268–1269. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe2002387.
Fruehwirth, J. C., Biswas, S., & Perreira, K. M. (2021). The Covid-19 pandemic and mental health of first-year college students: Examining the effect of Covid-19 stressors using longitudinal data. PLOS ONE, 16(3), e0247999. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247999.
Garfin, D. R., Silver, R. C., & Holman, E. A. (2020). The novel coronavirus (COVID-2019) outbreak: Amplification of public health consequences by media exposure. Health Psychology, 39(5), 355–357. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000875.
Garvey, A. M., García, I. J., Franco, S. H. O., & Fernández, C. M. (2021). The psychological impact of strict and prolonged confinement on business students during the COVID-19 pandemic at a Spanish university. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041710.
Giovanetti, M., Benedetti, F., Campisi, G., Ciccozzi, A., Fabris, S., Ceccarelli, G., & Ciccozzi, M. (2021). Evolution patterns of SARS-CoV-2: Snapshot on its genome variants. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 538(January), 88–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.102.
Hagerty, S. L., & Williams, L. M. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on mental health: The interactive roles of brain biotypes and human connection. Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health, 5, 100078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100078.
Husky, M. M., Kovess-Masfety, V., & Swendsen, J. D. (2020). Stress and anxiety among university students in France during Covid-19 mandatory confinement. Comprehensive Psychiatry, Vol. 102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152191.
Jia, R., Ayling, K., Chalder, T., Massey, A., Broadbent, E., Coupland, C., & Vedhara, K. (2020). Mental health in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic: cross-sectional analyses from a community cohort study. BMJ open, 10(9), e040620. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040620.
Kohls, E., Baldofski, S., Moeller, R., Klemm, S.-L., & Rummel-Kluge, C. (2021). Mental Health, Social and Emotional Well-Being, and Perceived Burdens of University Students During COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown in Germany. Frontiers in Psychiatry, Vol. 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.643957.
Li, Z., Ge, J., Yang, M., Feng, J., Qiao, M., Jiang, R., & Yang, C. (2020). Vicarious traumatization in the general public, members, and non-members of medical teams aiding in COVID-19 control. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 88, 916–919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.007.
Lima, C., PMM, C., IAAS, L., JVAO, N., JS, S., de Souza RI, & MLR, N. (2020). The emotional impact of Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (new Coronavirus disease). Psychiatry research, Vol. 287, p. 112915. Recuperado de https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32199182/.
Lopez-Carral, H., Grechuta, K., & Verschure, P. F. M. J. (2020). Subjective ratings of emotive stimuli predict the impact of the COVID-19 quarantine on affective states. PLoS ONE, 15(8 August), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237631.
Markowitz, J. C., Milrod, B., Heckman, T. G., Bergman, M., Amsalem, D., Zalman, H., & Neria, Y. (2021). Psychotherapy at a Distance. American Journal of Psychiatry, 178(3), 240–246. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20050557.
Montemurro, N. (2020). The emotional impact of COVID-19: From medical staff to common people. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 23–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.032.
Mota, D. C. B., Silva, Y. V., Costa, T. A. F., Aguiar, M. H. da C., Marques, M. E. de M., & Monaquezi, R. M. (2021). Saúde mental e uso de internet por estudantes universitários : estratégias de enfrentamento no contexto da COVID-19. Ciencia & saude coletiva, (1678–4561).
Nascimento, E. F. do, Monte, L. M. I. do, Nascimento, M. A. C. do, Mateus, A. da S., Sousa Júnior, P. de T. X., & Siqueira, F. I. do M. R. (2020). Juventude universitária e o isolamento social na pandemia COVID-19: Emprego, Sociabilidade e Família. Research, Society and Development, 9, e17191210995. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i12.10995.
Odriozola-González, P., Planchuelo-Gómez, Á., Irurtia, M. J., & de Luis-García, R. (2020). Psychological effects of the COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown among students and workers of a Spanish university. Psychiatry Research, 290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113108.
Romeo, A., Benfante, A., Castelli, L., & Di Tella, M. (2021). Psychological Distress among Italian University Students Compared to General Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5), 2503. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052503.
Silva, A. C. da, Martins, D. da S., Santiago, A. T., Santos, O. S., Paes, C. J. O., Silva, A. C. da, & Araújo, P. X. de. (2020). O impacto psicológico da pandemia de COVID-19 nos acadêmicos de medicina da região de Carajás / The psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical students in the region of Carajás. Brazilian Journal of Health Review, 3(6), 19731–19747. https://doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv3n6-349.
Smith, A. C., Thomas, E., Snoswell, C. L., Haydon, H., Mehrotra, A., Clemensen, J., & Caffery, L. J. (2020). Telehealth for global emergencies: Implications for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 26(5), 309–313. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X20916567.
Son, C., Hegde, S., Smith, A., Wang, X., & Sasangohar, F. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 on College Students’ Mental Health in the United States: Interview Survey Study. Journal of medical Internet research, 22(9), e21279. https://doi.org/10.2196/21279.
Sun, S., Goldberg, S. B., Lin, D., Qiao, S., & Operario, D. (2021). Psychiatric symptoms, risk, and protective factors among university students in quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Globalization and Health, Vol. 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-021-00663-x.
Troyer, E. A., Kohn, J. N., & Hong, S. (2020). Are we facing a crashing wave of neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19? Neuropsychiatric symptoms and potential immunologic mechanisms. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 34–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.027.
Vieira, C. M., Franco, O. H., Gómez Restrepo, C., & Abel, T. (2020). COVID-19: The forgotten priorities of the pandemic. Maturitas, 136, 38–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.04.004.
Wathelet, M., Duhem, S., Vaiva, G., Baubet, T., Habran, E., Veerapa, E., &D’Hondt, F. (2020). Factors Associated With Mental Health Disorders Among University Students in France Confined During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Network Open, 3(10), e2025591. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.25591.
Wieczorek, T., Kołodziejczyk, A., Ciułkowicz, M., Maciaszek, J., Misiak, B., Rymaszewska, J., & Szcześniak, D. (2021). Class of 2020 in Poland: Students’ Mental Health during the COVID-19 Outbreak in an Academic Setting. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 2884. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062884.
Xiao, H., Shu, W., Li, M., Li, Z., Tao, F., Wu, X., & Hu, Y. (2020). Social distancing among medical students during the 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic in china: Disease awareness, anxiety disorder, depression, and behavioral activities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(14), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145047.
Yang, K. H., Wang, L., Liu, H., Li, L. X., & Jiang, X. L. (2021). Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 on the mental health of university students in Sichuan Province, China: An online cross-sectional study. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12828.
Zhao, S. Z., Wong, J. Y. H., Wu, Y., Choi, E. P. H., Wang, M. P., & Lam, T. H. (2020). Social distancing compliance under covid-19 pandemic and mental health impacts: A population-based study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186692
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2021 Ana Flávia Machado de Carvalho; Gleysiane Gonçalves de Sousa
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
Los autores que publican en esta revista concuerdan con los siguientes términos:
1) Los autores mantienen los derechos de autor y conceden a la revista el derecho de primera publicación, con el trabajo simultáneamente licenciado bajo la Licencia Creative Commons Attribution que permite el compartir el trabajo con reconocimiento de la autoría y publicación inicial en esta revista.
2) Los autores tienen autorización para asumir contratos adicionales por separado, para distribución no exclusiva de la versión del trabajo publicada en esta revista (por ejemplo, publicar en repositorio institucional o como capítulo de libro), con reconocimiento de autoría y publicación inicial en esta revista.
3) Los autores tienen permiso y son estimulados a publicar y distribuir su trabajo en línea (por ejemplo, en repositorios institucionales o en su página personal) a cualquier punto antes o durante el proceso editorial, ya que esto puede generar cambios productivos, así como aumentar el impacto y la cita del trabajo publicado.
