Determination of thickness and refractive index of SiO2 thin films using the cross-entropy global optimization method
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i10.19028Keywords:
Global optimization; Optical characterization; Thin film; Cauchy model; SiO2; Cross-entropy; Bootstrapping.Abstract
Silicon dioxide (SiO2) is a material that is abundant in nature and has wide application in semiconductor and insulating devices. In this work, a set of six SiO2 samples were grown on a Sigma-Aldrich Silicon substrate, varying the growth time and temperature. This set of samples were grown using times of 10 and 12h and temperatures of 800, 900, and 1000 ºC, under ambient atmosphere. After film growth, reflectance measurements were performed on the films and the substrate, using the Stellarnet UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer between 194 and 1081.5 nm. These measurements were modeled using a global optimization method, called Cross-entropy, together with the Bootstrapping resampling technique, seeking to robustly and statistically determine the thin film refractive index as a function of the wavelength and its thickness. To estimate the refractive index of the SiO2 thin film, the Cauchy model was used. For the substrate, reflectance measurements were used. The method proved to be efficient, presenting thickness values that were validated according to growth parameters and literature data. This method proved to be an important and low-cost tool, compared to traditional methods, to help in the steps of building thin films for semiconductor and insulating devices, thus improving their physical properties and enabling the development of new devices.
References
Batsanov, S. S., Ruchkin, E. D., & Poroshina, I. A. (2016). Refractive Indices of Solids. In Springer Briefs in Applied Sciences and Technology. Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0797-2
Black, R. D., Arthur, S. D., Gilmore, R. S., Lewis, N., Hall, E. L., & Lillquist, R. D. (1988). Silicon and silicon dioxide thermal bonding for silicon‐on‐insulator applications. Journal of Applied Physics, 63(8), 2773–2777. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.340976
Boos, D. D. (2003). Introduction to the Bootstrap World. Statistical Science, 18(2). https://doi.org/10.1214/ss/1063994971
Chakravarty, S., Teng, M., Safian, R., & Zhuang, L. (2021). Hybrid material integration in silicon photonic integrated circuits. Journal of Semiconductors, 42(4), 041303. https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-4926/42/4/041303
Curran, A., Gocalinska, A., Pescaglini, A., Secco, E., Mura, E., Thomas, K., Nagle, R. E., Sheehan, B., Povey, I. M., Pelucchi, E., O’Dwyer, C., Hurley, P. K., & Gity, F. (2021). Structural and Electronic Properties of Polycrystalline InAs Thin Films Deposited on Silicon Dioxide and Glass at Temperatures below 500 °C. Crystals, 11(2), 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11020160
Eckertová, L. (2012). Physics of Thin Films. Estados Unidos: Springer US.
El-Bindary, A., Anwar, Z., & El-Shafaie, T. (2021). Effect of silicon dioxide nanoparticles on the assessment of quercetin flavonoid using Rhodamine B Isothiocyanate dye. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 323, 114607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114607
Gao, L., Lemarchand, F., & Lequime, M. (2013). Refractive index determination of SiO2 layer in the UV/Vis/NIR range: spectrophotometric reverse engineering on single and bi-layer designs. Journal Of The European Optical Society - Rapid Publications, 8. doi:10.2971/jeos.2013.13010
Garcia-Caurel, E., De Martino, A., Gaston, J.-P., & Yan, L. (2013). Application of Spectroscopic Ellipsometry and Mueller Ellipsometry to Optical Characterization. Applied Spectroscopy, 67(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1366/12-06883
Heavens, O. S. (1991). Optical Properties of Thin Solid Films, Dover Books on Physics Series
Huanca, D. R., & Salcedo, W. J. (2015). Optical characterization of one-dimensional porous silicon photonic crystals with effective refractive index gradient in depth. Physica Status Solidi (a), 212(9), 1975–1983. https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.201532063
Jain, A. K., Dubes, R. C., & Chen, C.-C. (1987). Bootstrap Techniques for Error Estimation. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, PAMI-9(5), 628–633. https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.1987.4767957
Jesus, J. J. de, Oliveira, A. F. , & Silva, A. P. da. (2021). Espectrômetro digital. Uma proposta de construção de um experimento de Física Moderna para o ensino remoto. Research, Society and Development, 10(8), e51410817786. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i8.17786
Li, J., & Wu, S.-T. (2004). Extended Cauchy equations for the refractive indices of liquid crystals. Journal of Applied Physics, 95(3), 896–901. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1635971
Liu, S., Deng, Z., Li, J., Wang, J., & Huang, N. (2019). Measurement of the refractive index of whole blood and its components for a continuous spectral region. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 24(03), 1. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jbo.24.3.035003
Losurdo, M., Bergmair, M., Bruno, G., Cattelan, D., Cobet, C., de Martino, A., Fleischer, K., Dohcevic-Mitrovic, Z., Esser, N., Galliet, M., Gajic, R., Hemzal, D., Hingerl, K., Humlicek, J., Ossikovski, R., Popovic, Z. V., & Saxl, O. (2009). Spectroscopic ellipsometry and polarimetry for materials and systems analysis at the nanometer scale: state-of-the-art, potential, and perspectives. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 11(7), 1521–1554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-009-9662-6
Oliveira, A. F., Rubinger, R. M., Monteiro, H., Rubinger, C. P. L., Ribeiro, G. M., & de Oliveira, A. G. (2015). Main scattering mechanisms in InAs/GaAs multi-quantum-well: a new approach by the global optimization method. Journal of Materials Science, 51(3), 1333–1343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-015-9451-9
Pereira, A.S., Shitsuka, D. M., Parreira, F. J., Shitsuka, R. (2018) Metodologia de pesquisa científica, UFSM
Ribeiro, L. H., Ider, J., Oliveira, A. F., Rubinger, R. M., Rubinger, C. P. L., & de Oliveira, A. G. (2021). Investigation of electronic transport in InAs/GaAs samples. A study using the metaheuristic self-adaptive differential evolution method. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 413293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2021.413293
Rubinger, R. M., da Silva, E. R., Pinto, D. Z., Rubinger, C. P. L., Oliveira, A. F., & da Costa Bortoni, E. (2015). Comparative and quantitative analysis of white light-emitting diodes and other lamps used for home illumination. Optical Engineering, 54(1), 014104. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.54.1.014104
Rubinstein, R. Y. (1997). Optimization of computer simulation models with rare events. European Journal of Operational Research, 99(1), 89–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0377-2217(96)00385-2
Rubinstein, R. Y. & Kroese, D. P. (2004) The Cross-Entropy Method: A Unified Approach to Combinatorial Optimization, Monte-Carlo Simulation and Machine Learning (Information Science and Statistics), Springer.
Vidakis, N., Petousis, M., Velidakis, E., Tzounis, L., Mountakis, N., Korlos, A., Fischer-Griffiths, P. E., & Grammatikos, S. (2021). On the Mechanical Response of Silicon Dioxide Nanofiller Concentration on Fused Filament Fabrication 3D Printed Isotactic Polypropylene Nanocomposites. Polymers, 13(12), 2029. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13122029
Zhu, W. (1997). Making Bootstrap Statistical Inferences: A Tutorial. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 68(1), 44–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1997.10608865
Zou, X., Ji, L., Ge, J., Sadoway, D. R., Yu, E. T., & Bard, A. J. (2019). Electrodeposition of crystalline silicon films from silicon dioxide for low-cost photovoltaic applications. Nature Communications, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13065-w
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Sávio José Vieira Zaccaro; Adhimar Flávio Oliveira; Rero Marques Rubinger; Crediana Chris de Siqueira; Roberto Affonso da Costa Junior
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.