Is oral hygiene performed by caregivers of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy effective?

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i15.22571

Keywords:

Oral health; Cerebral palsy; Caregivers; Oral hygiene.

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of oral hygiene performed by caregivers of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP) during the moments before and after three months of oral health instructions.  Methods: In a longitudinal study, 102 participants were joined in two groups:  G1 (n=51) composed of children and adolescents (C/A) with CP and G2 (n=51), composed of their caregivers.  Sociodemographic and oral hygiene habits were collected and evaluated using the Visible Plaque Index (VPI) and Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI), before and after oral hygiene orientation.  The Qui-Squared, ANOVA 1, and tStudent tests were applied.  P < 0,05. Results: The C/A group with pattern clinical CP tetraparesis, diparesis and hemiparesis were homogeneous in terms of gender (P = 0,07), however differed in age (P < 0,05), the youngest being diparetic. No difference was observed when comparing VPI and GBI before and after instructions in oral health for the three clinical types (P> 0,05).  However, a reduction in the VPI and GBI indexes (P < 0,05) before and after, in each of the three clinical patterns. Most of the caregivers were female, married, with a high school degree, and they performed oral hygiene three times per day.  The caregivers presented significant drops in VPI and GBI after receiving oral hygiene instructions.  (P < 0,05). Conclusion: Oral hygiene instruction is fundamental for the caregivers of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy since it is an effective form of controlling health problems.

References

Aburahma, S. K., Mhanna, A., Al-Mousa, S., Al-Nusair, J., & Al Habashneh, R. (2021). Dental health status and hygiene in children with cerebral palsy: A matched case-control study. Int J Paediatr Dent. doi:10.1111/ipd.12799

Altun, C., Guven, G., Akgun, O. M., Akkurt, M. D., Basak, F., & Akbulut, E. (2010). Oral health status of disabled individuals attending special schools. Eur J Dent, 4(4), 361-366.

Bear, J. J., & Wu, Y. W. (2016). Maternal Infections During Pregnancy and Cerebral Palsy in the Child. Pediatr Neurol, 57, 74-79. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2015.12.018

Beck, J. D., Moss, K. L., Morelli, T., & Offenbacher, S. (2018). Periodontal profile class is associated with prevalent diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, and systemic markers of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6. J Periodontol, 89(2), 157-165. doi:10.1002/JPER.17-0426

Brasil, M. d. S. (2014). Diretrizes de atenção à pessoa com paralisia cerebral. Retrieved from https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/bvsms/resource/pt/mis-36838

Cardona-Soria, S., Cahuana-Cárdenas, A., Rivera-Baró, A., Miranda-Rius, J., Martín de Carpi, J., & Brunet-Llobet, L. (2020). Oral health status in pediatric patients with cerebral palsy fed by oral versus enteral route. Spec Care Dentist, 40(1), 35-40. doi:10.1111/scd.12429

Cardoso, A. M., Gomes, L. N., Silva, C. R., Soares, R. e. S., Abreu, M. H., Padilha, W. W., & Cavalcanti, A. L. (2014). Dental caries and periodontal disease in Brazilian children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 12(1), 335-353. doi:10.3390/ijerph120100335

Carlo, W. A., McDonald, S. A., Tyson, J. E., Stoll, B. J., Ehrenkranz, R. A., Shankaran, S., . . . Network, E. K. S. N. I. o. C. H. a. H. D. N. R. (2011). Cytokines and neurodevelopmental outcomes in extremely low birth weight infants. J Pediatr, 159(6), 919-925.e913. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.05.042

Chapple, I. L. C., Mealey, B. L., Van Dyke, T. E., Bartold, P. M., Dommisch, H., Eickholz, P., . . . Yoshie, H. (2018). Periodontal health and gingival diseases and conditions on an intact and a reduced periodontium: Consensus report of workgroup 1 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions. J Periodontol, 89 Suppl 1, S74-S84. doi:10.1002/JPER.17-0719

Chałas, R., Wójcik-Chęcińska, I., Woźniak, M. J., Grzonka, J., Święszkowski, W., & Kurzydłowski, K. J. (2015). [Dental plaque as a biofilm - a risk in oral cavity and methods to prevent]. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online), 69, 1140-1148. doi:10.5604/17322693.1173925

Chi, D. L. (2018). Oral Health for US Children with Special Health Care Needs. Pediatr Clin North Am, 65(5), 981-993. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2018.05.007

Dammann, O., & O'Shea, T. M. (2008). Cytokines and perinatal brain damage. Clin Perinatol, 35(4), 643-663, v. doi:10.1016/j.clp.2008.07.011

DeMattei, R. R., Allen, J., & Goss, B. (2012). A service-learning project to eliminate barriers to oral care for children with special health care needs. J Sch Nurs, 28(3), 168-174. doi:10.1177/1059840511432473

Dos Santos, M. T., & Nogueira, M. L. (2005). Infantile reflexes and their effects on dental caries and oral hygiene in cerebral palsy individuals. J Oral Rehabil, 32(12), 880-885. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2842.2005.01518.x

DU, R. Y., McGrath, C., Yiu, C. K., & King, N. M. (2010). Oral health in preschool children with cerebral palsy: a case-control community-based study. Int J Paediatr Dent, 20(5), 330-335. doi:10.1111/j.1365-263X.2010.01062.x

Ferreira, A. C. F. M., Mayer, M. P. A., Kawamoto, D., & Santos, M. T. B. R. (2019). Constipation, antiepileptic drugs, and gingivitis in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Int J Paediatr Dent, 29(5), 635-641. doi:10.1111/ipd.12488

Grecu, A. G., Balazsi, R., Dudea, D., Mesaroş, A., Strîmbu, M., & Dumitraşcu, D. L. (2019). Oral health related quality of life and self-esteem in a general population. Med Pharm Rep, 92(Suppl No 3), S65-S72. doi:10.15386/mpr-1520

Highfield, J. (2009). Diagnosis and classification of periodontal disease. Aust Dent J, 54 Suppl 1, S11-26. doi:10.1111/j.1834-7819.2009.01140.x

Holtzman, J. S., Atchison, K. A., Macek, M. D., & Markovic, D. (2017). Oral Health Literacy and Measures of Periodontal Disease. J Periodontol, 88(1), 78-88. doi:10.1902/jop.2016.160203

Jan, B. M., & Jan, M. M. (2016). Dental health of children with cerebral palsy. Neurosciences (Riyadh), 21(4), 314-318. doi:10.17712/nsj.2016.4.20150729

Kallio, P. J. (2001). Health promotion and behavioral approaches in the prevention of periodontal disease in children and adolescents. Periodontol 2000, 26, 135-145. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0757.2001.2260107.x

Kim, D. J., & Kim, Y. J. (2019). Effects of the Parenting Efficacy Improvement Program for mothers as primary caregivers of children with cerebral palsy under rehabilitation. J Exerc Rehabil, 15(6), 763-768. doi:10.12965/jer.1938654.327

Koman, L. A., Smith, B. P., & Shilt, J. S. (2004). Cerebral palsy. Lancet, 363(9421), 1619-1631. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16207-7

Kuban, K. C., Joseph, R. M., O'Shea, T. M., Heeren, T., Fichorova, R. N., Douglass, L., Investigators, E. L. G. A. N. E. S. (2017). Circulating Inflammatory-Associated Proteins in the First Month of Life and Cognitive Impairment at Age 10 Years in Children Born Extremely Preterm. J Pediatr, 180, 116-123.e111. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.09.054

Kumar, P. S., Griffen, A. L., Barton, J. A., Paster, B. J., Moeschberger, M. L., & Leys, E. J. (2003). New bacterial species associated with chronic periodontitis. J Dent Res, 82(5), 338-344. doi:10.1177/154405910308200503

Longo, M., & Hankins, G. D. (2009). Defining cerebral palsy: pathogenesis, pathophysiology and new intervention. Minerva Ginecol, 61(5), 421-429.

Malaeb, S., & Dammann, O. (2009). Fetal inflammatory response and brain injury in the preterm newborn. J Child Neurol, 24(9), 1119-1126. doi:10.1177/0883073809338066

Naseem, M., Shah, A. H., Khiyani, M. F., Khurshid, Z., Zafar, M. S., Gulzar, S., . . . Khalil, H. S. (2016). Access to oral health care services among adults with learning disabilities: a scoping review. Ann Stomatol (Roma), 7(3), 52-59. doi:10.11138/ads/2016.7.3.052

O'Leary, T. J., Drake, R. B., & Naylor, J. E. (1972). The plaque control record. J Periodontol, 43(1), 38. doi:10.1902/jop.1972.43.1.38

Oskoui, M., Coutinho, F., Dykeman, J., Jetté, N., & Pringsheim, T. (2013). An update on the prevalence of cerebral palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol, 55(6), 509-519. doi:10.1111/dmcn.12080

Petersen, P. E. (2003). The World Oral Health Report 2003: continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century--the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 31 Suppl 1, 3-23. doi:10.1046/j..2003.com122.x

Pini, D. M., Fröhlich, P. C., & Rigo, L. (2016). Oral health evaluation in special needs individuals. Einstein (Sao Paulo), 14(4), 501-507. doi:10.1590/S1679-45082016AO3712

Plemons, J. M., Al-Hashimi, I., Marek, C. L., & Affairs, A. D. A. C. o. S. (2014). Managing xerostomia and salivary gland hypofunction: executive summary of a report from the American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs. J Am Dent Assoc, 145(8), 867-873. doi:10.14219/jada.2014.44

Rodrigues dos Santos, M. T., Masiero, D., Novo, N. F., & Simionato, M. R. (2003). Oral conditions in children with cerebral palsy. J Dent Child (Chic), 70(1), 40-46.

Romeo, D. M., Sini, F., Brogna, C., Albamonte, E., Ricci, D., & Mercuri, E. (2016). Sex differences in cerebral palsy on neuromotor outcome: a critical review. Dev Med Child Neurol, 58(8), 809-813. doi:10.1111/dmcn.13137

Rosenbaum, P., Paneth, N., Leviton, A., Goldstein, M., Bax, M., Damiano, D., Jacobsson, B. (2007). A report: the definition and classification of cerebral palsy April 2006. Dev Med Child Neurol Suppl, 109, 8-14.

Santos, M. T., Ferreira, M. C., Mendes, F. M., & de Oliveira Guaré, R. (2014). Assessing salivary osmolality as a caries risk indicator in cerebral palsy children. Int J Paediatr Dent, 24(2), 84-89. doi:10.1111/ipd.12030

Santos, M. T. B. R., Nascimento, K. S., Carazzato, S., Barros, A. O., Mendes, F. M., & Diniz, M. B. (2017). Efficacy of photobiomodulation therapy on masseter thickness and oral health-related quality of life in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Lasers Med Sci, 32(6), 1279-1288. doi:10.1007/s10103-017-2236-4

Sellier, E., Platt, M. J., Andersen, G. L., Krägeloh-Mann, I., De La Cruz, J., Cans, C., & Network, S. o. C. P. (2016). Decreasing prevalence in cerebral palsy: a multi-site European population-based study, 1980 to 2003. Dev Med Child Neurol, 58(1), 85-92. doi:10.1111/dmcn.12865

Shah, A. H., Naseem, M., Khan, M. S., Asiri, F. Y. I., AlQarni, I., Gulzar, S., & Nagarajappa, R. (2017). Oral health knowledge and attitude among caregivers of special needs patients at a Comprehensive Rehabilitation Centre: an analytical study. Ann Stomatol (Roma), 8(3), 110-116. doi:10.11138/ads/2017.8.3.110

Tomita, N. E., & Fagote, B. F. (1999). Programa educativo em saúde bucal para pacientes especiais. In Odontologia e Sociedade (Vol. v. 1, pp. p. 45-50 ). São Paulo: USP-FOB.

Vadivelan, K., Sekar, P., Sruthi, S. S., & Gopichandran, V. (2020). Burden of caregivers of children with cerebral palsy: an intersectional analysis of gender, poverty, stigma, and public policy. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 645. doi:10.1186/s12889-020-08808-0

Vitrikas, K., Dalton, H., & Breish, D. (2020). Cerebral Palsy: An Overview. Am Fam Physician, 101(4), 213-220.

Yogi, H., Alves, L. A. C., Guedes, R., & Ciamponi, A. L. (2018). Determinant factors of malocclusion in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 154(3), 405-411. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2017.11.042

Yoshida, R. A., Gorjão, R., Mayer, M. P. A., Corazza, P. F. L., Guare, R. O., Ferreira, A. C. F. M., & Santos, M. T. B. R. (2019). Inflammatory markers in the saliva of cerebral palsy individuals with gingivitis after periodontal treatment. Braz Oral Res, 33, e033. doi:10.1590/1807-3107bor-2019.vol33.0033

Downloads

Published

16/11/2021

How to Cite

PACHECO, V. M. B.; FERREIRA , A. C. F. M. .; FERREIRA, C. de A. .; SIQUEIRA, V. L. .; SANTOS, M. T. B. R. . Is oral hygiene performed by caregivers of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy effective?. Research, Society and Development, [S. l.], v. 10, n. 15, p. e205101522571, 2021. DOI: 10.33448/rsd-v10i15.22571. Disponível em: https://rsdjournal.org/index.php/rsd/article/view/22571. Acesso em: 14 nov. 2024.

Issue

Section

Health Sciences