Infecção do trato urinário causada por Escherichia coli uropatogênica resistente a antibióticos: um importante problema de saúde pública
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i16.23190Keywords:
Urinary tract infections; Uropathogenic Escherichia coli; Antibiotic resistance; Vaccines; Public health; Economic burden.Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is one of the most prevalent bacterial infections and is a major cause of health-related morbidity and hospital costs worldwide. The rising bacterial resistance to routinely given antibiotics for infected individuals is becoming a significant source of concern. Current research shows that UPEC is becoming more resistant to multiple antibiotic classes, including fluoroquinolones, beta-lactams, and aminoglycosides, as a result of genetic determinants of resistance and multidrug-resistant clones. Knowledge of the local etiology and the sensitivity profile of the most common uropathogens to antibiotics should guide decisions in the empirical therapy of uncomplicated UTI. Given the high prevalence of UTI and multidrug-resistant bacteria, preventative measures such as the development of an efficient vaccination are essential. The current work is an integrated literature review that synthesizes information on UTIs caused by antibiotic-resistant uropathogenic E. coli and considers the practical implications of key research results.
References
Abduzaimovic, A., Aljicevic, M., Rebic, V., Vranic, S., Abduzaimovic, K., & Sestic, S. (2016). Antibiotic resistance in urinary isolates of Escherichia coli. Materia Socio Medica, 28(6), 416. https://doi.org/10.5455/msm.2016.28.416-419
Abernethy, J., Guy, R., Sheridan, E. A., Hopkins, S., Kiernan, M., Wilcox, M. H., Johson, A. P., & Hope, R. (2017). Epidemiology of Escherichia coli bacteraemia in England: results of an enhanced sentinel surveillance programme. Journal of Hospital Infection, 95(4), 365–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2016.12.008
Adams-Sapper, S., Diep, B. A., Perdreau-Remington, F., & Riley, L. W. (2013). Clonal composition and community clustering of drug-susceptible and -resistant Escherichia coli isolates from bloodstream infections. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 57(1), 490–497. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01025-12
Albert, X., Huertas, I., Pereiro, I., Sanfélix, J., Gosalbes, V., & Perrotta, C. (2004). Antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in non-pregnant women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd001209.pub2
Alghoribi, M. F., Gibreel, T. M., Farnham, G., Al Johani, S. M., Balkhy, H. H., & Upton, M. (2015). Antibiotic-resistant ST38, ST131 and ST405 strains are the leading uropathogenic Escherichia coli clones in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 70(10), 2757–2762. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkv188
Ali, I., Rafaque, Z., Ahmed, S., Malik, S., & Dasti, J. I. (2016). Prevalence of multi-drug resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli in Potohar region of Pakistan. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 6(1), 60–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.09.022
Anderson, G. G., Dodson, K. W., Hooton, T. M., & Hultgren, S. J. (2004). Intracellular bacterial communities of uropathogenic Escherichia coli in urinary tract pathogenesis. Trends in Microbiology, 12(9), 424–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2004.07.005
Anderson, G. G., Goller, C. C., Justice, S., Hultgren, S. J., & Seed, P. C. (2010). Polysaccharide capsule and sialic acid-mediated regulation promote biofilm-like intracellular bacterial communities during cystitis. Infection and Immunity, 78(3), 963–975. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00925-09
Araújo, S. M. H. A., Mourão, T. C., Oliveira, J. L., Melo, I. F. S., Araújo, C. A. A., Araújo, N. A. A., Melo, M. C. A., Araújo, S. R., & Daher, E. F. (2011). Antimicrobial resistance of uropathogens in women with acute uncomplicated cystitis from primary care settings. International Urology and Nephrology, 43(2), 461–466. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-010-9777-9
Asadi Karam, M. R., Habibi, M., & Bouzari, S. (2019). Urinary tract infection: Pathogenicity, antibiotic resistance and development of effective vaccines against Uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Molecular Immunology, 108(February), 56–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2019.02.007
Bailey, R. R., Roberts, G. A. P., & Wardener, H. E. (1971). Prevention of urinary-tract infection with low-dose nitrofurantoin. The Lancet, 298(7734), 1112–1114. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(71)91270-0
Banerjee, R., & Johnson, J. R. (2014). A new clone sweeps clean: The enigmatic emergence of Escherichia coli sequence type 131. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 58(9), 4997–5004. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.02824-14
Bartoletti, R., Cai, T., Wagenlehner, F. M., Naber, K., Erik, T., & Johansen, B. (2016). Treatment of urinary tract infections and antibiotic stewardship. European Urology Supplements, 15(4), 81–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eursup.2016.04.003
Baudry, P. J., Nichol, K., DeCorby, M., Lagacé-Wiens, P., Olivier, E., Boyd, D., Mulvey, M. R., Hoban, D. J., & Zhanel, G. G. (2009). Mechanisms of resistance and mobility among multidrug-resistant CTX-M-producing Escherichia coli from Canadian intensive care units: the 1st report of QepA in North America. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 63(3), 319–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2008.12.001
Ben, W., Wang, J., Pan, X., & Qiang, Z. (2017). Dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes and their potential removal by on-farm treatment processes in nine swine feedlots in Shandong Province, China. Chemosphere, 167, 262–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.013
Bishop, B. L., Duncan, M. J., Song, J., Li, G., Zaas, D., & Abraham, S. N. (2007). Cyclic AMP-regulated exocytosis of Escherichia coli from infected bladder epithelial cells. Nature Medicine, 13(5), 625–630. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1572
Blaettler, L., Mertz, D., Frei, R., Elzi, L., Widmer, A. F., Battegay, M., & Flückiger, U. (2009). Secular trend and risk factors for antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolates in Switzerland 1997-2007. Infection, 37(6), 534–539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-009-8457-0
Bongyoung, Seo, M. R., Kim, J., Kim, Y., Wie, S. H., Ki, M., Cho, Y. K., Lim, S., Lee, J. S., Kwon, K. T., Lee, H., Cheong, H. J., Park, D. W., Ryu, S. Y., Chung, M. H., & Pai, H. (2020). Molecular Epidemiology of Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated from Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infections in Korea. Infection and Chemotherapy, 52(2), 194–203. https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2020.52.2.194
Brumbaugh, A. R., & Mobley, H. L. (2012). Preventing urinary tract infection: Progress toward an effective Escherichia coli vaccine. Expert Review of Vaccines, 11(6), 663–676. https://doi.org/10.1586/erv.12.36
Bryce, A., Hay, A. D., Lane, I. F., Thornton, H. V., Wootton, M., & Costelloe, C. (2016). Global prevalence of antibiotic resistance in paediatric urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli and association with routine use of antibiotics in primary care: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ (Online), 352. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i939
Castañeda-García, A., Blázquez, J., & Rodríguez-Rojas, A. (2013). Molecular mechanisms and clinical impact of acquired and intrinsic fosfomycin resistance. Antibiotics, 2(2), 217–236. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics2020217
Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy. (2018). Drug Resistance Index. https://resistancemap.cddep.org/DRI.php
Chang, S. L., & Shortliffe, L. D. (2006). Pediatric urinary tract infections. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 53(3), 379–400.
Chu, C. M., & Lowder, J. L. (2018). Diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infections across age groups. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 219(1), 40–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.12.231
Ciani, O., Grassi, D., & Tarricone, R. (2013). An economic perspective on urinary tract infection: The “costs of resignation.” Clinical Drug Investigation, 33(4), 255–261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40261-013-0069-x
Ciontea, A. S., Cristea, D., Andrei, M. M., Popa, A., & Usein, C. R. (2018). In vitro antimicrobial resistance of urinary Escherichia coli isolates from outpatients collected in a laboratory during two years, 2015–2017. Roumanian Archives of Microbiology and Immunology, 77(1), 28–32.
Colodner, R., Kometiani, I., Chazan, B., & Raz, R. (2008). Risk factors for community-acquired urinary tract infection due to quinolone-resistant E. coli. Infection, 36(1), 41–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-007-7083-y
Cove-Smith, A., & Almond, M. K. (2007). Management of urinary tract infections in the elderly. Trends in Urology, Gynaecology & Sexual Health, 12, 31–34.
Critchley, I. A., Nicole Cotroneo, Pucci, M. J., & Rodrigo Mendes. (2019). The burden of antimicrobial resistance among urinary tract isolates of Escherichia coli in the United States in 2017. PLoS ONE, 14(12), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220265
Czaja, C. A., Scholes, D., Hooton, T. M., & Stamm, W. E. (2007). Population-based epidemiologic analysis of acute pyelonephritis. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 45(3), 273–280. https://doi.org/10.1086/519268
Darouiche, R. O., Donovan, W. H., Del Terzo, M., Thornby, J. I., Rudy, D. C., & Hull, R. A. (2001). Pilot trial of bacterial interference for preventing urinary tract infection. Urology, 58(3), 339–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01271-7
Dashti, A. A., West, P., Paton, R., & Amyes, S. G. B. (2006). Characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Kuwait and UK strains identified by the Vitek system, and subsequent comparison of the Vitek system with other commercial ESBL-testing systems using these strains. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 55(4), 417–421. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.46177-0
de Souza da-Silva, A. P., de Sousa, V. S., Martins, N., da Silva Dias, R. C., Bonelli, R. R., Riley, L. W., & Moreira, B. M. (2017). Escherichia coli sequence type 73 as a cause of community acquired urinary tract infection in men and women in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 88(1), 69–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2017.01.024
Dias, R. C. S., Marangoni, D. V., Smith, S. P., Alves, E. M., Pellegrino, F. L. P. C., Riley, L. W., & Moreira, B. M. (2009). Clonal composition of Escherichia coli causing community-acquired urinary tract infections in the state of rio de janeiro, Brazil. Microbial Drug Resistance, 15(4), 303–308. https://doi.org/10.1089/mdr.2009.0067
Ditchfield, M. R., Grimwood, K., Cook, D. J., Powell, H. R., Sloane, R., Gulati, S., & De Campo, J. F. (2004). Persistent renal cortical scintigram defects in children 2 years after urinary tract infection. Pediatric Radiology, 34, 465–471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-004-1182-z
Draft global action plan on antimicrobial resistance. Report by the WHO Secretariat. (2015).
Drekonja, D. M., Rector, T. S., Cutting, A., & Johnson, J. R. (2013). Urinary tract infection in male veterans treatment patterns and outcomes. JAMA Internal Medicine, 173(1), 62–68. https://doi.org/10.1001/2013.jamainternmed.829
Ejrnæs, K., Stegger, M., Reisner, A., Ferry, S., Monsen, T., Holm, S. E., Lundgren, B., & Frimodt-Møller, N. (2011). Characteristics of Escherichia coli causing persistence or relapse of urinary tract infections: Phylogenetic groups, virulence factors and biofilm formation. Virulence, 2(6), 528–537. https://doi.org/10.4161/viru.2.6.18189
Emody, L., Kerényi, M., & Nagy, G. (2003). Virulence factors of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 22(SUPPL. 2). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-8579(03)00236-X
Erb, S., Frei, R., Tschudin Sutter, S., Egli, A., Dangel, M., Bonkat, G., & Widmer, A. F. (2018). Basic patient characteristics predict antimicrobial resistance in E. coli from urinary tract specimens: a retrospective cohort analysis of 5246 urine samples. Swiss Medical Weekly, 148(November), w14660. https://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2018.14660
Falagas, M. E., Athanasaki, F., Voulgaris, G. L., Triarides, N. A., & Vardakas, K. Z. (2019). Resistance to fosfomycin: Mechanisms, Frequency and Clinical Consequences. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 53(1), 22–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.09.013
Flores-Mireles, A., Walker, J., Caparon, M., & Hultgren, S. (2015). Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 13, 269–284. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3432
Foxman, B. (2003). Epidemiology of urinary tract infections: incidence, morbidity, and economic costs. Disease-a-Month, 49(2), 53–70.
Foxman, B. (2014). Occurrence, recurrence, bacteriology, risk factors, and disease burden. Infectious Disease Clinics, 28, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2013.09.003
François, M., Hanslik, T., Dervaux, B., Le Strat, Y., Coignard, B., Souty, C., Vaux, S., Maugat, S., Rondet, C., Sarazin, M., Heym, B., Coignard, B., & Rossignol, L. (2016). The economic burden of urinary tract infections in women visiting general practices in France: A cross-sectional survey. BMC Health Services Research, 16(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-016-1620-2
Frendéus, B., Wachtler, C., Hedlund, M., Fischer, H., Samuelsson, P., Svensson, M., & Svanborg, C. (2001). Escherichia coli P fimbriae utilize the Toll-like receptor 4 pathway for cell activation. Molecular Microbiology, 40(1), 37–51. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02361.x
Gangcuangco, L. M., Alejandria, M., Henson, K. E., Alfaraz, L., Ata, R. M., Lopez, M., & Saniel, M. (2015). Prevalence and risk factors for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-resistant Escherichia coli among women with acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection in a developing country. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 34, e55–e60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2015.02.022
Genao, L., & Buhr, G. T. (2012). Urinary tract infections in older adults residing in long-term care facilities. Annals of Long-Term Care, 20(4), 33–38.
Griffin, P. M., Manges, A. R., & Johnson, J. R. (2012). Food-borne origins of Escherichia coli causing extraintestinal infections. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 55(5), 712–719. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis502
Guglietta, A. (2017). Recurrent urinary tract infections in women: Risk factors, etiology, pathogenesis and prophylaxis. Future Medicine, 12(3), 239–246. https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2016-0145
Gupta, K., Hooton, T. M., Naber, K. G., Wullt, B., Colgan, R., Miller, L. G., Moran, G. J., Nicolle, L. E., Raz, R., Schaeffer, A. J., & Soper, D. E. (2011). International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: A 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 52(5), 103–120. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciq257
Harwalkar, A., Gupta, S., Rao, A., & Srinivasa, H. (2015). Prevalence of virulence factors and phylogenetic characterization of uropathogenic Escherichia coli causing urinary tract infection in patients with and without diabetes mellitus. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 109(12), 769–774. https://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trv086
Hidron, A. I., Edwards, J. R., & Patel, J. (2009). Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections: annual summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006- 2007. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 30(1).
Hilt, E. E., McKinley, K., Pearce, M. M., Rosenfeld, A. B., Zilliox, M. J., Mueller, E. R., Brubaker, L., Gai, X., Wolfe, A. J., & Schreckenberger, P. C. (2014). Urine is not sterile: Use of enhanced urine culture techniques to detect resident bacterial flora in the adult female bladder. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 52(3), 871–876. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02876-13
Hitzenbichler, F., Simon, M., Holzmann, T., Iberer, M., Zimmermann, M., Salzberger, B., & Hanses, F. (2018). Antibiotic resistance in E. coli isolates from patients with urinary tract infections presenting to the emergency department. Infection, 46, 325–331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-018-1117-5
Ho, P. L., Chan, J., Lo, W. U., Lai, E. L., Cheung, Y. Y., Lau, T. C. K., & Chow, K. H. (2013). Prevalence and molecular epidemiology of plasmidmediated fosfomycin resistance genes among blood and urinary Escherichia coli isolates. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 62(PART 11), 1707–1713. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.062653-0
Hojabri, Z., Mirmohammadkhani, M., Darabi, N., Arab, M., & Pajand, O. (2019). Characterization of antibiotic-susceptibility patterns and virulence genes of five major sequence types of Escherichia coli isolates cultured from extraintestinal specimens: A 1-year surveillance study from Iran. Infection and Drug Resistance, 12, 893–903. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S199759
Hooper, D. C. (2001). Mechanisms of action of antimicrobials: Focus on fluoroquinolones. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 32(SUPPL. 1), 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1086/319370
Hooton, T. M. (2012). Uncomplicated urinary tract infection. New England Journal of Medicine, 366, 1028–1037.
Huttner, A., & Gambillara, V. (2018). The development and early clinical testing of the ExPEC4V conjugate vaccine against uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 24(10), 1046–1050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2018.05.009
Ikäheimo, R., Siitonen, A., Heiskanen, T., Kärkkäinen, U., Kuosmanen, P., Lipponen, P., & Mäkelä, P. H. (1996). Recurrence of urinary tract infection in a primary care setting: Analysis of a 1-year follow-up of 179 women. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 22(1), 91–99. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/22.1.91
Jhang, J. F., & Kuo, H. C. (2017). Recent advances in recurrent urinary tract infection from pathogenesis and biomarkers to prevention. Tzu Chi Medical Journal, 29(3), 131–137. https://doi.org/10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_53_17
Johnson, J. R., Johnston, B., Clabots, C. R., Kuskowski, M. A., Roberts, E., & DebRoy, C. (2008). Virulence genotypes and phylogenetic background of Escherichia coli serogroup O6 isolates from humans, dogs, and cats. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 46(2), 417–422. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00674-07
Johnson, J. R., Menard, M., Johnston, B., Kuskowski, M. A., Nichol, K., & Zhanel, G. G. (2009). Epidemic clonal groups of Escherichia coli as a cause of antimicrobial-resistant urinary tract infections in Canada, 2002 to 2004. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 53(7), 2733–2739. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00297-09
Kadner, R. J., & Winkler, H. H. (1973). Isolation and characterization of mutations affecting the transport of hexose phosphates in Escherichia coli. Journal of Bacteriology, 113(2), 895–900. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.113.2.895-900.1973
Kahan, F. M., Kahan, J. S., Cassidy, P. J., & Kropp, H. (1974). The Mechanism of Action of Fosfomycin (Phosphonomycin). Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 235(1), 364–386. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1974.tb43277.x
Kahlmeter, G. (2003). An international survey of the antimicrobial susceptibility of pathogens from uncomplicated urinary tract infections: The ECO.SENS project. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 51(1), 69–76. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkg028
Kahlmeter, Gunnar, Åhman, J., & Matuschek, E. (2015). Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli Causing Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections: A European Update for 2014 and Comparison with 2000 and 2008. Infectious Diseases and Therapy, 4(4), 417–423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40121-015-0095-5
Kalinderi, K., Delkos, D., Kalinderis, M., Athanasiadis, A., & Kalogiannidis, I. (2018). Urinary tract infection during pregnancy: current concepts on a common multifaceted problem. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 38(4), 448–453. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2017.1370579
Kallonen, T., Brodrick, H. J., Harris, S. R., Corander, J., Brown, N. M., Martin, V., Peacock, S. J., & Parkhill, J. (2017). Systematic longitudinal survey of invasive Escherichia coli in England demonstrates a stable population structure only transiently disturbed by the emergence of ST131. Genome Research, 27(8), 1437–1449. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.216606.116
Karageorgopoulos, D. E., Wang, R., Yu, X. hong, & Falagas, M. E. (2012). Fosfomycin: Evaluation of the published evidence on the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in gram-negative pathogens. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 67(2), 255–268. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkr466
Khawcharoenporn, T., Vasoo, S., & Singh, K. (2013). Urinary Tract Infections due to Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae: Prevalence and Risk Factors in a Chicago Emergency Department. Emergency Medicine International, 2013, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/258517
Kiffer, C. R., Mendes, C., Oplustil, C. P., Sampaio, J. L., Arya, S. C., & Agarwal, N. (2007). Antibiotic resistance and trend of urinary pathogens in general outpatients from major urban city. International Braz J Urol, 33(2), 267–269. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1677-55382007000200022
Kim, S., Sung, J. Y., Cho, H. H., Kwon, K. C., & Koo, S. H. (2016). Characteristics of the molecular epidemiology of CTX-M-producing Escherichia coli isolated from a tertiary hospital in Daejeon, Korea. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 26(9), 1643–1649. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1603.03063
Kim, Y., Oh, T., Nam, Y. S., Cho, S. Y., & Lee, H. J. (2017). Prevalence of ST131 and ST1193 among bloodstream isolates of Escherichia coli not susceptible to ciprofloxacin in a ter- tiary care university hospital in Korea, 2013–2014. Clinical Laboratory, 63, 1541–1543.
Korbel, L., Howell, M., & Spencer, J. D. (2017). The clinical diagnosis and management of urinary tract infections in children and adolescents. Paediatrics and International Child Health, 37(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/20469047.2017.1382046
Kot, B., Wicha, J., Grużewska, A., Piechota, M., Wolska, K., & Obrębska, M. (2016). Virulence factors, biofilm-forming ability, and antimicrobial resistance of urinary Escherichia coli strains isolated from hospitalized patients. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 46(6), 1908–1914. https://doi.org/10.3906/sag-1508-105
Kresken, M., Körber-Irrgang, B., Biedenbach, D. J., Batista, N., Besard, V., Cantón, R., García-Castillo, M., Kalka-Moll, W., Pascual, A., Schwarz, R., Van Meensel, B., Wisplinghoff, H., & Seifert, H. (2016). Comparative in vitro activity of oral antimicrobial agents against Enterobacteriaceae from patients with community-acquired urinary tract infections in three European countries. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 22(1), 63.e1-63.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2015.08.019
Kudinha, T., Johnson, J. R., Andrew, S. D., Kong, F., Anderson, P., & Gilbert, G. L. (2013). Distribution of phylogenetic groups, sequence type ST131, and virulence-associated traits among Escherichia coli isolates from men with pyelonephritis or cystitis and healthy controls. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 19(4), E173–E180. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12123
Lane, M. C., & Mobley, H. L. T. (2007). Role of P-fimbrial-mediated adherence in pyelonephritis and persistence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) in the mammalian kidney. Kidney International, 72(1), 19–25. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5002230
Lavigne, J. P., Bruyère, F., Bernard, L., Combescure, C., Ronco, E., Lanotte, P., Coloby, P., Thibault, M., Cariou, G., Desplaces, N., Costa, P., & Sotto, A. (2016). Resistance and virulence potential of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from patients hospitalized in urology departments: A French prospective multicentre study. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 65(6), 530–537. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.000247
Levison, M. E., & Kaye, D. (2013). Treatment of complicated urinary tract infections with an emphasis on drug- resistant Gram-negative uropathogens. Current Infectious Disease Reports, 15, 109–115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-013-0315-7
Li, B., Lu, Y., Lan, F., He, Q., Li, C., & Cao, Y. (2017). Prevalence and characteristics of ST131 clone among unselected clinical Escherichia coli in a Chinese university hospital. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, 6(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-017-0274-0
Li, Y., Zheng, B., Li, Y., Zhu, S., Xue, F., & Liu, J. (2015). Antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular mechanisms of fosfomycin resistance in clinical Escherichia coli isolates in mainland China. PLoS ONE, 10(8), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135269
Liu, S., Zhang, N., & Chen, Z. (2013). Recurrent urinary tract infections caused by multidrug-resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli: Implications for diagnosis and treatment. European Urology, 63(2), 410–411.
Lorenzo-Gómez, M. F., Padilla-Fernández, B., García-Cenador, M. B., Virseda-Rodríguez, Á. J., Martín-García, I., Sánchez-Escudero, A., Vicente-Arroyo, M. J., & Mirón-Canelo, J. A. (2015). Comparison of sublingual therapeutic vaccine with antibiotics for the prophylaxis of recurrent urinary tract infections. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 5(JUN), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2015.00050
Lucas, A. E., Ito, R., Mustapha, M. M., McElheny, C. L., Mettus, R. T., Bowler, S. L., Kantz, S. F., Pacey, M. P., Pasculle, A. W., Cooper, V. S., & Doi, Y. (2018). Frequency and mechanisms of spontaneous fosfomycin nonsusceptibility observed upon disk diffusion testing of Escherichia coli. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 56(1). https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01368-17
Magistro, G., & Stief, C. G. (2019). Vaccine Development for Urinary Tract Infections: Where Do We Stand? European Urology Focus, 5(1), 39–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euf.2018.07.034
Makvana, S., & Krilov, L. R. (2015). Escherichia coli infections. Pediatrics in Review, 36(4), 167–171. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.36-4-167
Manges, A. R., Perdreau-Remington, F., Solberg, O., & Riley, L. W. (2006). Multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli clonal groups causing community-acquired bloodstream infections. Journal of Infection, 53(1), 25–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2005.09.012
McIsaac, W. J., Moineddin, R., Meaney, C., & Mazzulli, T. (2013). Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in women with acute cystitis in Canada. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, 24(3), 143–149. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/547848
McKinnell, J. A., Stollenwerk, N. S., Jung, C. W., & Miller, L. G. (2011). Nitrofurantoin compares favorably to recommended agents as empirical treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections in a decision and cost analysis. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 86(6), 480–488. https://doi.org/10.4065/mcp.2010.0800
McLellan, L. K., & Hunstad, D. A. (2016). Urinary Tract Infection: Pathogenesis and Outlook. Trends in Molecular Medicine, 22(11), 946–957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2016.09.003
McOsker, C. C., & Fitzpatrick, P. M. (1994). Nitrofurantoin: Mechanism of action and implications for resistance development in common uropathogens. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 33, 23–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/33.suppl_A.23
Michno, M., Sydor, A., Wałaszek, M., & Sułowicz, W. (2018). Microbiology and drug resistance of pathogens in patients hospitalized at the nephrology department in the South of Poland. Polish Journal of Microbiology, 67(4), 517–524. https://doi.org/10.21307/pjm-2018-061
Mobley, H. L. T., & Alteri, C. J. (2015). Development of a vaccine against Escherichia coli urinary tract infections. Pathogens, 5(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens5010001
Moon, D. C., Seol, S. Y., Gurung, M., Jin, J. S., Choin, C. H., Kim, J., Lee, Y. C., Cho, D. T., & Lee, J. C. (2010). Emergence of a new mutation and its accumulation in the topoisomerase IV gene confers high levels of resistance to fluoroquinolones in Escherichia coli isolates. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 35(1), 76–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2009.08.003
Morrill, H. J., Morton, J. B., Caffrey, A. R., Jiang, L., Dosa, D., Mermel, L. A., & LaPlante, K. L. (2017). Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli urinary isolates in the Veterans Affairs health care system. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 61(5). https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.02236-16
Moura, A., Nicolau, A., Hooton, T., & Azeredo, J. (2009). Antibiotherapy and pathogenesis of uncomplicated UTI: Difficult relationships. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 106(6), 1779–1791. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04115.x
Naber, K. G., Schito, G., Botto, H., Palou, J., & Mazzei, T. (2008). Surveillance study in Europe and Brazil on clinical aspects and Antimicrobial Resistance Epidemiology in Females with Cystitis (ARESC): implications for empiric therapy. European Urology, 54(5), 1164–1178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2008.05.010
NHS choices: urinary tract infections in adults. (n.d.). UK National Health Service Web Sit. Retrieved July 22, 2021, from http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/urinary-tract- infection-adults/pages/introduction.aspx.
Nicolle. (2001). Urinary tract pathogens in complicated infection and in elderly individuals. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 183(SUPPL. 1), 5–8. https://doi.org/10.1086/318844
Nicolle. (2003). Best pharmacological practice: urinary tract infections. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 4(5), 693–704. https://doi.org/10.1517/14656566.4.5.693
Nicolle, L. E. (2014). Catheter associated urinary tract infections. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, 3(23), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139855952.122
Nielubowicz, G. R., & Mobley, H. L. T. (2010). Host-pathogen interactions in urinary tract infection. Nature Reviews Urology, 7(8), 430–441. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrurol.2010.101
Niranjan, V., & Malini, A. (2014). Antimicrobial resistance pattern in Escherichia coli causing urinary tract infection among inpatients. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 139(6), 945–948.
Nordeng, H., Lupattelli, A., Romøren, M., & Koren, G. (2013). Neonatal outcomes after gestational exposure to nitrofurantoin. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 121(2 PART 1), 306–313. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e31827c5f88
O’Brien, V. P., Hannan, T. J., Nielsen, H. V, & Hultgren, S. J. (2016). Drug and Vaccine Development for the Treatment and Prevention of Urinary Tract Infections. Microbiology Spectrum, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0013-2012.Drug
Omigie, O., Okoror, L., Umolu, P., & Ikuuh, G. (2009). Increasing resistance to quinolones: A four-year prospective study of urinary tract infection pathogens. International Journal of General Medicine, 2, 171–175. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijgm.s2641
Osamwonyi, B., & Foley, C. (2017). Management of recurrent urinary tract infections in adults. Surgery (Oxford), 35(6), 299–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpsur.2017.03.004
Paniagua-Contreras, G. L., Monroy-Pérez, E., Rodríguez-Moctezuma, J. R., Domínguez-Trejo, P., Vaca-Paniagua, F., & Vaca, S. (2017). Virulence factors, antibiotic resistance phenotypes and O-serogroups of Escherichia coli strains isolated from community-acquired urinary tract infection patients in Mexico. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection, 50(4), 478–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2015.08.005
Parajuli, N. P., Maharjan, P., Parajuli, H., Joshi, G., Paudel, D., Sayami, S., & Khanal, P. R. (2017). High rates of multidrug resistance among uropathogenic Escherichia coli in children and analyses of ESBL producers from Nepal. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, 6(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-016-0168-6
Park, J. T., & Strominger, J. L. (1957). Mode of action of penicillin. Science, 125, 99–101.
Patel, S. S., Balfour, J. A., & Bryson, H. M. (1997). Fosfomycin Tromethamine: A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy as a single-dose oral treatment for acute uncomplicated lower urinary taact infections. Adis Drug Evaluation, 53(4), 637–656.
Paterson, D. L. (2006). Resistance in gram-negative bacteria: Enterobacteriaceae. American Journal of Infection Control, 34(5 SUPPL.), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2006.05.238
Petersen, I., & Hayward, A. C. (2007). Antibacterial prescribing in primary care. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 60, 143–147.
Platell, J. L., Trott, D. J., Johnson, J. R., Heisig, P., Heisig, A., Clabots, C. R., Johnston, B., & Cobbold, R. N. (2012). Prominence of an O75 clonal group (clonal complex 14) among non-st131 fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli causing extraintestinal infections in humans and dogs in Australia. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 56(7), 3898–3904. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.06120-11
Prasada, S., Bhat, A., Bhat, S., Mulki, S. S., & Tulasidas, S. (2019). Changing antibiotic susceptibility pattern in uropathogenic Escherichia coli over a period of 5 years in a tertiary care center. Infection and Drug Resistance, 12, 1439–1443. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S201849
Ramírez-Castillo, F. Y., Moreno-Flores, A. C., Avelar-González, F. J., Márquez-Díaz, F., Harel, J., & Guerrero-Barrera, A. L. (2018). An evaluation of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolates in urinary tract infections from Aguascalientes, Mexico: Cross-sectional study. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 17(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-018-0286-5
Raz, R., Chazan, B., & Kennes, Y. (2002). Empiric use of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) in the treatment of women with uncomplicated urinary tract infec- tions, in a geographical area with a high prevalence of TMP-SMX-resistant uro- pathogens. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 34, 1165–1169.
Riley, L. W. (2014). Pandemic lineages of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 20(5), 380–390. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12646
Rogers, B. A., Sidjabat, H. E., & Paterson, D. L. (2011). Escherichia coli O25b-ST131: a pandemic, multiresistant, community- associated strain. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 66, 1–14.
Rosenthal, V. D., Duszynska, W., Ider, B. E., Gurskis, V., Al-Ruzzieh, M. A., Myatra, S. N., Gupta, D., Belkebir, S., Upadhyay, N., Zand, F., Todi, S. K., Kharbanda, M., Nair, P. K., Mishra, S., Chaparro, G., Mehta, Y., Zala, D., Janc, J., Aguirre-Avalos, G., … Erben, N. (2021). International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) report, data summary of 45 countries for 2013-2018, Adult and Pediatric Units, Device-associated Module. American Journal of Infection Control, June 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2021.04.077
Ruiz, J., Simon, K., Horcajada, J. P., Velasco, M., Barranco, M., Roig, G., Moreno-Martínez, A., Martínez, J. A., Jiménez de Anta, T., Mensa, J., & Vila, J. (2002). Differences in virulence factors among clinical isolates of Escherichia coli causing cystitis and pyelonephritis in women and prostatitis in men. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 40(12), 4445–4449. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.40.12.4445-4449.2002
Sanchez, G. V., Babiker, A., Master, R. N., Luu, T., Mathur, A., & Bordon, J. (2016). Antibiotic resistance among urinary isolates from female outpatients in the United States in 2003 and 2012. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 60(5), 2680–2683. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.02897-15
Sarkar, S., Hutton, M. L., Vagenas, D., Ruter, R., Schüller, S., Lyras, D., Schembri, M. A., & Totsika, M. (2018). Intestinal colonization traits of pandemic multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli ST131. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 218(6), 979–990. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiy031
Schmiemann, G., Kniehl, E., Gebhardt, K., Matejczyk, M. M., & Hummers-Pradier, E. (2010). The diagnosis of urinary tract infection. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, 107(21), 361–367. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2010.0361
Shah, A. A., Hasan, F., Ahmed, S., & Hameed, A. (2004). Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs): Characterization, epidemiology and detection. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 30(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408410490266429
Shahbazi, S., Karam, M. R. A., Habibi, M., Talebi, A., & Bouzari, S. (2018). Distribution of extended-spectrum β-lactam, quinolone and carbapenem resistance genes, and genetic diversity among uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates in Tehran, Iran. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance, 14, 118–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2018.03.006
Silva, A., Machado, P., Rodrigues, V., & Duarte, A. (2008). Bactérias uropatogénicas identificadas de cistites não complicadas de mulheres na comunidade. Acta Urol, 25(3), 9–14.
Siu, H. L., Reddy, S., Cheesbrough, J., Bolton, F. J., Willshaw, G., Cheasty, T., Fox, A. J., & Upton, M. (2008). Major uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain isolated in the Northwest of England identified by multilocus sequence typing. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 46(3), 1076–1081. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02065-07
Skjøt-Rasmussen, L., Olsen, S. S., Jakobsen, L., Ejrnæs, K., Scheutz, F., Lundgren, B., Frimodt-Møller, N., & Hammerum, A. M. (2013). Escherichia coli clonal group A causing bacteraemia of urinary tract origin. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 19(7), 656–661. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03961.x
Smithson, A., Chico, C., Ramos, J., Netto, C., Sanchez, M., Ruiz, J., Porron, R., & Bastida, M. T. (2012). Prevalence and risk factors for quinolone resistance among Escherichia coli strains isolated from males with community febrile urinary tract infection. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 31(4), 423–430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-011-1322-y
Sood, A., Penna, F. J., Eleswarapu, S., Pucheril, D., Weaver, J., Abd-El-Barr, A., Wagner, J. C., Lakshmanan, Y., Menon, M., Trinh, Q., Sammon, J. D., & Elder, J. S. (2015). Incidence, admission rates, and economic burden of pediatric emergency department visits for urinary tract infection: Data from the nationwide emergency department sample, 2006 to 2011. Journal of Pediatric Urology, 11(5), 246.e1-246.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpurol.2014.10.005
Spencer, J. D., Schwaderer, A., McHugh, K., & Hains, D. S. (2010). Pediatric urinary tract infections: An analysis of hospitalizations, charges, and costs in the USA. Pediatric Nephrology, 25(12), 2469–2475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-010-1625-8
Spencer, Schwaderer, A. L., Dirosario, J. D., McHugh, K. M., McGillivary, G., Justice, S. S., Carpenter, A. R., Baker, P. B., Harder, J., & Hains, D. S. (2011). Ribonuclease 7 is a potent antimicrobial peptide within the human urinary tract. Kidney International, 80(2), 174–180. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.109. Epub 2011 Apr 27
Stamm, W. E., McKevitt, M., Roberts, P. L., & White, N. J. (1991). Natural history of recurrent urinary tract infections in women. Reviews of Infectious Diseases, 13(1), 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/13.1.77
Stapleton, A. E. (2017). The vaginal microbiota and urinary tract infection. In M. A. Mulvey, D. J. Klumpp, & A. E. Stapleton (Eds.), Urinary Tract Infections: Molecular Pathogenesis and Clinical Management (2nd ed., p. 675). American Society for Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555817404
Stephens, G. M., Akers, S., Nguyen, H., & Woxland, H. (2015). Evaluation and management of urinary tract infections in the school-aged child. In E. K. McClain (Ed.), Primary Care for School-Aged Children. Elsevier.
Strehlow, M. C., Emond, S. D., Shapiro, N. I., Pelletier, A. J., & Camargo, C. A. (2006). National study of emergency department visits for sepsis, 1992 to 2001. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 48(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.05.003
Swick, M. C., Morgan-Linnell, S. K., Carlson, K. M., & Zechiedrich, L. (2011). Expression of multidrug efflux pump genes acrAB-tolC, mdfA, and norE in Escherichia coli clinical isolates as a function of fluoroquinolone and multidrug resistance. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 55(2), 921–924. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00996-10
Talan, D. A., Takhar, S. S., Krishnadasan, A., Abrahamian, F. M., Mower, W. R., Moran, G. J., Net, I. D., & Group, S. (2017). Fluoroquinolone-Resistant and Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase– Producing Escherichia coli Infections in Patients with Pyelonephritis, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 22(9), 1594–1603.
Tamadonfar, K. O., Omattage, N. S., Spaulding, C. N., & Hultgren, S. J. (2020). Reaching the end of the line: Urinary tract infections. Bacteria and Intracellularity, 83–99. https://doi.org/10.1128/9781683670261.ch6
Tchesnokova, V. L., Rechkina, E., Larson, L., Ferrier, K., Weaver, J. L., Schroeder, D. W., She, R., Butler-Wu, S. M., Aguero-Rosenfeld, M. E., Zerr, D., Fang, F. C., Ralston, J., Riddell, K., Scholes, D., Weissman, S., Parker, K., Spellberg, B., Johnson, J. R., & Sokurenko, E. V. (2019). Rapid and Extensive Expansion in the United States of a New Multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli Clonal Group, Sequence Type 1193. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 68(2), 334–337. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy525
Terlizzi, M. E., Gribaudo, G., & Maffei, M. E. (2017). Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) infections: Virulence factors, bladder responses, antibiotic, and non-antibiotic antimicrobial strategies. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8(AUG). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01566
Thompson, M. K., Keithly, M. E., Sulikowski, G. A., & Armstrong, R. N. (2015). Diversity in fosfomycin resistance proteins. Perspectives in Science, 4, 17–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pisc.2014.12.004
Tipper, D. J., & Strominger, J. L. (1965). Mechanism of action of penicillins: a proposal based on their structural similarity to acyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States, 54, 1133–1141.
Tong, Y. Q., Sun, M., Hu, C., & Zhao, D. (2017). Plasmid transfer capacities of multi-resistant UPEC clinical isolates in biofilms. Biomedical Research, 28(5), 2364–2369.
Totsika, M., Moriel, D. G., Idris, A., Rogers, B., Wurpel, D., Phan, M., Paterson, D., & Schembri, M. (2012). Uropathogenic Escherichia coli mediated urinary tract infection. Current Drug Targets, 13(11), 1386-1399
Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection Epidemiology Forecast Report 2021-2030. (2021). https://apnews.com/press-release/business-wire/europe-health-d72902acd67f4ce08c08a7477d6f0453
Vallejo-Torres, L., Pujol, M., Shaw, E., Wiegand, I., Vigo, J. M., Stoddart, M., Grier, S., Gibbs, J., Vank, C., Cuperus, N., Van Den Heuvel, L., Eliakim-Raz, N., Carratala, J., Vuong, C., Macgowan, A., Babich, T., Leibovici, L., Addy, I., & Morris, S. (2018). Cost of hospitalised patients due to complicated urinary tract infections: A retrospective observational study in countries with high prevalence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: The COMBACTE-MAGNET, RESCUING study. BMJ Open, 8(4), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020251
van der Donk, C. F. M., van de Bovenkamp, J. H. B., de Brauwer, E. I. G. B., de Mol, P., Feldhoff, K. H., Kalka-Moll, W. M., Nys, S., Thoelen, I., Trienekens, T. A. M., & Stobberingh, E. E. (2012). Antimicrobial Resistance and Spread of Multi Drug Resistant Escherichia coli Isolates Collected from Nine Urology Services in the Euregion Meuse-Rhine. PLoS ONE, 7(10), 3–7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047707
van Hees, B. C., Tersmette, M., Willems, R. J. L., de Jong, B., Biesma, D., & van Hannen, E. J. (2011). Molecular analysis of ciprofloxacin resistance and clonal relatedness of clinical Escherichia coli isolates from haematology patients receiving ciprofloxacin prophylaxis. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 66(8), 1739–1744. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkr216
Vardakas, K. Z., Legakis, N. J., Triarides, N., & Falagas, M. E. (2016). Susceptibility of contemporary isolates to fosfomycin: a systematic review of the literature. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 47(4), 269–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.02.001
Wagenlehner, F. M., Schmiemann, G., Hoyme, U., Funfstuck, R., Hummers-Pradier, E., Kaase, M., Kniehl, E., Selbach, I., Sester, U., Vahlensieck, W., Watermann, D., & Naber, K. G. (2011). National S3 guideline on uncomplicated urinary tract infection: recommendations for treatment and management of uncomplicated community-acquired bacterial urinary tract infections in adult patients. Der Urologe, 50(2), 153–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-011-2512-z
Wagenlehner, Niemetz, A. H., Weidner, W., & Naber, K. G. (2008). Spectrum and antibiotic resistance of uropathogens from hospitalised patients with urinary tract infections: 1994-2005. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 31(SUPPL. 1), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.07.029
Walker, E., Lyman, A., Gupta, K., Mahoney, M. V., Snyder, G. M., & Hirsch, E. B. (2016). Clinical Management of an Increasing Threat: Outpatient Urinary Tract Infections Due to Multidrug-Resistant Uropathogens. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 63(7), 960–965. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw396
Walsh, C., & Collyns, T. (2017). The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections. Surgery (Oxford), 35(6), 293–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpsur.2017.03.007
WHO. (2019). Advanced infection prevention and control training. Prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI): Student handbook. 2016(May), 544. https://www.who.int/infection-prevention/tools/core-components/CAUTI_student-handbook.pdf
Wright, K. J., Seed, P. C., & Hultgren, S. J. (2007). Development of intracellular bacterial communities of uropathogenic Escherichia coli depends on type 1 pili. Cellular Microbiology, 9(9), 2230–2241. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.00952.x
Wu, X. R., Sun, T. T., & Medina, J. J. (1996). In vitro binding of type 1-fimbriated Escherichia coli to uroplakins Ia and Ib: relation to urinary tract infections. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 93(18), 9630–9635. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.18.9630
Yamaji, R., Rubin, J., Thys, E., Friedman, C. R., & Riley, L. W. (2018). Persistent pandemic lineages of uropathogenic Escherichia coli in a college community from 1999 to 2017. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 56(4). https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01834-17
Yang, B., & Foley, S. (2018). First experience in the UK of treating women with recurrent urinary tract infections with the bacterial vaccine Uromune®. BJU International, 121(2), 289–292. https://doi.org/10.1111/bju.14067
Zurfluh, K., Abgottspon, H., Hac̈hler, H., Nuësch-Inderbinen, M., & Stephan, R. (2014). Quinolone resistance mechanisms among Extended- Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli isolated from rivers and lakes in Switzerland. PLoS ONE, 9(4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095864
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Débora Brito Goulart
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.