Valorisation and commodification of water

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i7.2403

Keywords:

Wealth; Water; Appreciation; Mercantilization.

Abstract

21st century and nations and corporations aim to increase their assets through policies and measures that do not always benefit the population or the country as a whole. Embedded in the process of profit generation is the task of giving value or price to things and such a practice is a way to market products. However, it is not possible to buy or sell something that has no predefined value. Trading something involves first defining what value such merchandise has. One of the biggest marketing challenges has been in relation to the commodification of water. This paper addresses the issue of the evolution of water trade, the attempts to value and commodify it, and the little-known water market that persists in capitalizing on water through the process of valorization and commodification as if this natural resource were privately owned. from a person, company, corporation or even from the same country. The literature review also addresses the effort that large corporations are making to control this asset that should be available to all at no additional cost. Finally it is concluded that this trade is already well structured and moving billions of dollars every year however, very subtly going unnoticed by the world population.

Author Biography

Ramon de Souza Ferreira, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri

Possui graduação em Engenharia Ambiental e Sanitária pela Universidade Presidente Antônio Carlos (2016), atual Faculdade Unica. Mestrando pela Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM) com pesquisa em desenvolvimento de tecnologias para reutilização de resíduos voltada para a produção de biogás utilizando rejeitos industriais produzidos por uma indústria de celulose. Pós-graduado em Direito Ambiental e Sustentabilidade pela Faculdade Educacional da Lapa (FAEL) em 2019. Tem experiência na área de Ciências Ambientais, com ênfase em Engenharia Ambiental e Sanitária.

References

Aguilera KF (2002). Los mercados del agua en tenerife. Bilbao: Bakeaz.

Bakker K (2004). An uncooperative commodity privatizing water in england and wales. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Bakker K (2010). Privatizing water. Governance Failure and the World’s Urban Water Crisis. Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press.

Barlow M & Clard T (2003). Ouro azul. São Paulo: M. Books.

Bauer CJ (2004). Siren song: chilean water law as a model for international reform. Washington DC: RFF Press.

Bissio B (2000). As soluções não se situam mais dentro da economia. Revista Ecologia e Desenvolvimento, 76.

Bjornlund H & Mckay J (2002). Aspects of water markets for developing countries: experiences from Australia, Chile, and the US. Environment and Development Economics, 7: 769-95. Disponível em: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/environment-and-development-economics/article/aspects-of-water-markets-for-developing-countries-experiences-from-australia-chile-and-the-us/FB217F07AF4E3C18D8FE9ABFBBE55AA7.

Boff L (2002). Do iceberg à arca de Noé: O nascimento de uma ética planetária. Rio de Janeiro: Garamond.

Bond P (2004). Water commodification and decommodification narratives: pricing and policy debates from Johannesburg to Kyoto to Cancun and back. Capitalism Nature Socialism, 15, p. 17-25. Disponível em: http://ccs.ukzn.ac.za/files/bondcnswater.pdf.

Carcanholo R & Nakatami P (1999). O capital especulativo parasitário: uma precisão teórica sobre o capital financeiro. Ensaios FEE, Porto Alegre, 20(1): 6.

Castree N (2003). Commodifying what nature? Progress in Human Geography, 27(1): 273-97. Disponível em: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1191/0309132503ph428oa.

Castro JE (2013). A água (ainda) não é uma mercadoria: aportes para o debate sobre a mercantilização da água. rev. UFMG, Belo Horizonte, 20(2): 190-221, jul./dez.

Castro JE (2008). Neoliberal water and sanitation policies as a failed development strategy: lessons from developing countries. Progress in Development Studies, 8: 63-83. Disponível em: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/146499340700800107.

Civic MA. (1998). A comparative analysis of the Israeli and Arab water law traditions and insights for modern water sharing agreement. Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, 26: 437-52. Disponível em: http://lawlib.wlu.edu/LJ/index.aspx?mainid=223.

Cohen BJ (1973). A questão do imperialismo: a economia política da dominação e da dependência. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar. p.113.

Dourojeanni A & Jouravlev A (1897). El codigo de aguas de chile: entre la ideología y la realidad. documento LC/R. Santiago de Chile: United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), 1999.

Galeano E (1994). As veias abertas da América Latina. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra.

Goddard M (2000). Of cabbages and kin: The value of an analytic distinction between gifts and commodities. Critique of Anthropology, 20(2):137-51. Disponível em: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0308275X0002000203.

Goldman M (Ed.). (1998). Privatizing nature: political struggles for the global commons. London: Pluto Press.

Goubert JP (1986). The conquest of water. the advent of health in the industrial age, Cambridge and Oxford: Polity Press and Basil Blackwell.

Gran P (1999). Islamic roots of capitalism. Egypt, 1760-1840. Cairo: The American University of Cairo Press.

Herz EG (1979). História del agua en buenos aires. buenos aires: Municipality of Buenos Aires.

Jaffe E (2006). Old world, high tech. Smithsonian Magazine, Dec. Disponível em: http://www. smithsonianmag.com/.

Júnior MR (2002). O desenvolvimento sustentável como política de recolonização para o capital. Texto apresentado no IV Encontro Nacional da ANPEGE, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, entre 23 a 26 de março de 2002.

Kaiser RA & Phillips LM (1998). Dividing the waters: water marketing as a conflict resolution strategy in the Edwards Aquifer Region. Natural Resources Journal, 38: 411-44.

Kucinski B. (1981). O que são multinacionais. São Paulo: Brasiliense.

Lapavitsas C (2004). Commodities and gifts: why commodities represent more than market relations. Science and Society, 68(1): 33-56.

Lênin VI (1987). O imperialismo: fase superior do capitalismo. São Paulo: Global.

Lewis L, Smith L (2007). Water whets the appetite of commodity traders with an eye to the next fortune. The Times, London, 19 Oct.. Disponível em: http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/business/industries/banking/article2155587.ece.

Llamas FR (1991). Abastecimiento de agua a la ciudad de México en el siglo XVI. In: Centro de Estudios Históricos de Obras Públicas y Urbanismo (CEHOPU) (Ed.). Antiguas Obras Hidraulicas en America. Madrid: Centro de Estudios Históricos de Obras Públicas y Urbanismo (CEHOPU). p. 189-200.

Macías HAM. (1990). Aproximación al proceso de privatización del agua en Canarias c. 1500-1879. In: Pérez Picazo MT, Lemeunier G. (Ed.). Agua y Modo de Produccion [Water and Mode of Production]. Barcelona: Editorial Crítica. p. 121-49.

Mallol FJ (1989). Alicante y el comercio de la nieve en la edad moderna. Alicante: Universidad de Alicante and Caja de Ahorros Provincial de Alicante.

Mccarthy J (2005). Commons as counterhegemonic projects. Capitalism Nature Socialism, 16(1): 9-24. Disponível em: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1045575052000335348.

Mcdonald DA & Ruiters G (2004). The Age of Commodity: water privatization in southern africa. London; Sterling, VA: Earthscan.

Magdoff H Apud. Cohen BJ (1973). A questão do imperialismo: a economia política da dominação e da dependência. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar.

Marx K. Capital. (1974). A Critical Analysis of Capitalist Production. London: Lawrence and Wishart. v. 1.

Meinzen-Dick RS. (2000). Public, private and shared water: groundwater markets and access in Pakistan. In: Bruns BR (Ed.). Negotiating Water Rights. London: International Food Policy Research Institute. p. 245-68.

Moreira MS. (2018). Passivo Ambiental: O conceito em debate. Website INDG. Disponível em:

http://www.indg.com.br/iso14000/texto3.asp.

North DC & Thomas RP (1973). The rise of the western world: a new economic history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Petrella R (2003). A conquista da água. In: Le monde diplomatique. a disputa pelo ouro azul. São Paulo: Anita Garibaldi. p. 16-17.

Petrella R (2000). A nova conquista da água. Entrevista ao jornal francês Le Monde Diplomatique. Disponível em: http://diplo.uol.com.br/2000-02,a1672.

Ramos TJ (1997). Os Negros em Portugal - Uma presença silenciosa. Lisboa: Aminho.

Sadeque SZ (2000). Nature’s bounty or scarce commodity: competition and consensus over groundwater in rural Bangladesh. In: Bruns BR (Ed.). Negotiating Water Rights, London: International Food Policy Research Institute. p. 269-91.

Salzman J (2005). Thirst: a Short History of Drinking Water. Duke Law School Legal Studies Research Paper Series, n. 92. Durham, NC, Duke University, Duke Law School. Disponível em: http://ssrn.com/abstract=869970.

Sant’anna DB (2007). Cidade das águas: usos de rios, córregos, bicas e chafarizes em São Paulo. São Paulo: SENAC.

Soares LC (1988). Os escravos de ganho no Rio de Janeiro do século XIX. Revista Brasileira de História, 16, p. 107-42. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=01020188&nrm=iso&rep=&lng=pt.

Strang V (2005). Common senses: water, sensory experience and the generation of meaning. Journal of Material Culture, 10(1): 92-120. Disponível em: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249632227_Common_Senses_Water_Sensory_Experience_and_the_Generation_of_Meaning.

Strang V (2004). The meaning of water. Oxford; New York: Berg.

Swyngedouw E (2005). Dispossessing H2O: the contested terrain of water privatization. Capitalism Nature Socialism, 16(1):8-98. Disponível em: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1045575052000335384?journalCode=rcns20.

United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) – World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP). (2006). Water, a Shared Responsibility. The United Nations World Water Report 2. Paris; New York: UNESCO; Berghahn Books. Disponível em: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001454/145405E.pdf.

Urs K & Whitell R (2009). Resisting Reform? Water Profits and Democracy. New Delhi; Thousand Oaks CA; London; Singapore: Sage.

Vending Machine Business. (2009). History of vending machine. Disponível em: http://www.1st-vending-machine-business.com/history.html. Acesso em: 20 de Janeiro de 2018.

Weber M (1946). Science as a vocation. In: Gerth HH, Mills CW (Ed.). From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 129-56.

Wolf A (20000029. Indigenous approaches to water conflict negotiations and implications for international waters. International Negotiation, 5, p. 357-73.

Published

01/06/2020

How to Cite

FERREIRA, R. de S. Valorisation and commodification of water. Research, Society and Development, [S. l.], v. 9, n. 7, p. e682972403, 2020. DOI: 10.33448/rsd-v9i7.2403. Disponível em: https://rsdjournal.org/index.php/rsd/article/view/2403. Acesso em: 18 apr. 2024.

Issue

Section

Review Article