Acute myocardial infarction: From diagnosis to intervention

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i3.26447

Keywords:

Myocardial Infarction; Acute Myocardial Infarction; ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction; Myocardial Reperfusion; Reperfusion injury.

Abstract

Acute Myocardial Infarction is one of the main causes of death in Brazil and in the world. One of the major problems related to the morbidity and mortality of the disease is the time between the onset of symptoms and the beginning of treatment. Thus, the purpose of this narrative review article was to reinforce the importance of early action and pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions performed in infarcted patients. For this, the search was carried out in the Pubmed, Virtual Health Library, and Sciencedirect databases using the keywords Myocardial Infarction, Acute Myocardial Infarction, ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction, Myocardial Reperfusion, Reperfusion Injury, and Infarto do Miocardio, Infarto Agudo do Miocardio, ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction, Myocardial Reperfusion, Reperfusion Injury. Accumulating data show electrocardiography importance at the diagnostic associated with biochemical parameters, and image analysis. The data also reveal the necessity of therapies for irrigation restoration based on anti-aggregating and fibrinolytic. Thus, it reinforces the need to search for medical assistance at the first signs and symptoms, for posterior identification and intervention out in an attempt to maintain the quality of life.

Author Biographies

Murilo Santos Bett, Universidade do Planalto Catarinense

Master in Environment and Health and Cardiovascular Surgeon

Julia Melin Zardo, Universidade do Planalto Catarinense

Medical Student

Jessica Lie Utiamada, Universidade do Planalto Catarinense

General Physician

Juliana Lessmann Reckziegel, Universidade do Planalto Catarinense

Doctor in Nursing

References

Abdi, A., & Basgut, B. (2016). An evidence-based review of pain management in acute myocardial infarction. Journal of Cardiology & Clinical Research, 4(4), 1067. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2008.36

Abreu, L. M. (2019). Time is muscle. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 112(4), 408–409. https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20190059

Antman, E. M. (2008). Time Is Muscle. Translation Into Practice. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 52(15), 1216–1221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.07.011

Avezum Junior, Á., Feldman, A., Carvalho, A. C. de C., Sousa, A. C. S., Mansur, A. de P., Bozza, A. E. Z., Falcão, B. de A. A., Markman Filho, B. M., Polanczyk, C. A., Gun, C., Serrano Junior, C. V., Oliveira, C. C. de, Moreira, D., Précoma, D. B., Magnoni, D., Albuquerque, D. C. de, Romano, E. R., Stefanini, E., & Santos, E. S. Dos. (2015). V Diretriz da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre Tratamento do Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio com Supradesnível do Segmento ST. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 105(2 Suppl 1), 1–121. https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20150107

Baruzzi, A. C. do, Stefanini, E., & Manzo, G. (2018). Fibrinolíticos: indicações e tratamento das complicações hemorrágicas TT - Fibrinolytics: indications and treatment of hemorrhagic complications. Revista da Sociedade de Cardiologia do Estado de Säo Paulo, 28(4), 421–427.

Braunwald, E. (1998). Evolution of the management of acute myocardial infarction: A 20th century saga. Lancet, 352(9142), 1771–1774. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)03212-7

Cowley, R. A. (1975). A total emergency medical system for the State of Maryland. Maryland Medical Journal, 24(7), 37–45.

Craven, L. L. (1950). Acetylsalicylic acid, possible preventive of coronary thrombosis. Annals of Western Medicine and Surgery, 4(2), 95.

Dalen, J. E., Alpert, J. S., Goldberg, R. J., & Weinstein, R. S. (2014). The epidemic of the 20th century: Coronary heart disease. American Journal of Medicine, 127(9), 807–812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.04.015

Denmark, K. T., Bax, J. J., Morrow, D. A., Task, A., Members, F., Kristian, C., Denmark, T., White, H. D., Zealand, N., Denmark, H. M., Uk, B., Germany, H. A. K., Germany, C. W. H., Januzzi, J. L., Angeles, M., Garcia, A., Uk, S. R. U., Canty, J. M., Lyon, A. R., Uk, K. A. A. F. (2019). Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). 237–269. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy462

Desborough, M. J. R., & Keeling, D. M. (2017). The aspirin story – from willow to wonder drug. British Journal of Haematology, 177(5), 674–683. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.14520

Dotta, G., Fonseca, F. A. H., Izar, M. C. de O., Souza, M. T. de, Moreira, F. T., Pinheiro, L. F. M., Barbosa, A. H. P., Caixeta, A. M., Póvoa, R. M. S., Carvalho, A. C., & Bianco, H. T. (2018). Regional QT Interval Dispersion as an Early Predictor of Reperfusion in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction after Fibrinolytic Therapy. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 112, 20–29. https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20180239

Eltzschig, H. K., & Eckle, T. (2011). Ischemia and reperfusion-from mechanism to translation. In Nature Medicine. 1391–1401. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2507

Fakhri, Y., Melgaard, J., Andersson, H. B., Schoos, M. M., Birnbaum, Y., Graff, C., Sejersten, M., Kastrup, J., & Clemmensen, P. (2018). Automatic electrocardiographic algorithm for assessing severity of ischemia in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. International Journal of Cardiology, 268, 18–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.04.057

Ferreira, J. C. B., & Mochly-Rosen, D. (2012). Nitroglycerin use in myocardial infarction patients: Risks and benefits. Circulation Journal : Official Journal of the Japanese Circulation Society, 76(1), 15–21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22040938%0Ahttp://www.pubmedcentral.n ih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC3527093

Fonseca, & Izar. (2016). Diagnóstico Das Síndromes Coronarianas Agudas E Modelo Sistematizado De Atendimento Em Unidades De Dor Torácica. Soc. Cardiol. Estado de São Paulo (Rev. Da SOSESP), 26(2), 72–85.

Gachet, C., & Hechler, B. (2013). The P2Y receptors and thrombosis. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Membrane Transport and Signaling, 2(6), 241–253. https://doi.org/10.1002/wmts.97

Graboys, T., & Lown, B. (2003). Nitroglycerin: The “Mini” Wonder Drug. Circulation, 108(11), e78-9. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000086629.67552.3A

Ibanez, B., James, S., Agewall, S., Antunes, M. J., Bucciarelli-Ducci, C., Bueno, H., Caforio, A. L. P., Crea, F., Goudevenos, J. A., Halvorsen, S., Hindricks, G., Kastrati, A., Lenzen, M. J., Prescott, E., Roffi, M., Valgimigli, M., Varenhorst, C., Vranckx, P., Widimský, P., Gale, C. P. (2018). 2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. European Heart Journal, 39(2), 119–177. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx393

Kaptoge, S., Pennells, L., De Bacquer, D., Cooney, M. T., Kavousi, M., Stevens, G., Riley, L. M., Savin, S., Khan, T., Altay, S., Amouyel, P., Assmann, G., Bell, S., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Berkman, L., Beulens, J. W., Björkelund, C., Blaha, M., Blazer, D. G., Di Angelantonio, E. (2019). World Health Organization cardiovascular disease risk charts: revised models to estimate risk in 21 global regions. The Lancet Global Health, 7(10), e1332–e1345. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30318-3

Khan, J. N., Greenwood, J. P., Nazir, S. A., Lai, F. Y., Dalby, M., Curzen, N., Hetherington, S., Kelly, D. J., Blackman, D., Peebles, C., Wong, J., Flather, M., Swanton, H., Gershlick, A. H., & McCann, G. P. (2016). Infarct size following treatment with second-versus third-generation P2Y12 antagonists in patients with multivessel coronary disease at ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in the CvLPRIT study. Journal of the American Heart Association, 31(6), e003403. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.003403

Kjekshus, J. K. (1974). Factors influencing infarct size following coronary artery occlusion. In J.Oslo City Hosp. (Vol. 24, Issues 11–12, pp. 155–175). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5540853

Kléber, A. G. (2000). ST-segment elevation in the electrocardiogram: A sign of myocardial ischemia. Cardiovascular Research, 45(1), 111–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6363(99)00301-6

Koupenova, M., Kehrel, B. E., Corkrey, H. A., & Freedman, J. E. (2017). Thrombosis and platelets: An update. European Heart Journal, 38(11), 785–791. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw550

Mahmooda, S. S., Levy, D., Vasan, R. S., & Wang, T. J. (2014). The Framingham Heart Study and the epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases: A historical perspective. Lancet, 383(9921), 1933–1945. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61752-3.The

Mann, D., Zipes, D., Libby, P., & Bonow, R. (2014). Braunwald’s Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 51(3), 565–565. https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.51.3.565-a

Miner, J., & Hoffhines, A. (2007). The discovery of aspirin’s antithrombotic effects. Texas Heart Institute Journal, 34(2), 179–186.

Moore, A., Goerne, H., Rajiah, P., Tanabe, Y., Saboo, S., & Abbara, S. (2019). Acute Myocardial Infarct. Radiologic Clinics of North America, 57(1), 45–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcl.2018.08.006

Mozaffarian, D., Benjamin, E. J., Go, A. S., Arnett, D. K., Blaha, M. J., Cushman, M., Das, S. R., De Ferranti, S., Després, J. P., Fullerton, H. J., Howard, V. J., Huffman, M. D., Isasi, C. R., Jiménez, M. C., Judd, S. E., Kissela, B. M., Lichtman, J. H., Lisabeth, L. D., Liu, S., Turner, M. B. (2016). Executive summary: Heart disease and stroke statistics-2016 update: A Report from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 133(4), 447–454. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000366

Mussi, F. C., Mendes, A. S., Queiroz, T. L. de, Costa, A. L. S., Pereira, Á., & Caramelli, B. (2014). Pre-hospital delay in acute myocardial infarction: judgement of symptoms and resistance to pain. Revista Da Associacão Medica Brasileira (1992), 60(1), 63–69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24918855

Oliveira, J. C., Costa, L., Oliveira, S., Oliveira, J. C., Carvalho, I. D. De, Almeida-santos, M. A., Clair, T., Munareto, R., Maia, L. A., Flávio, L., Prado, A., Silveira, F. S., Nascimento, T. A., Pereira, E. J., Barreto, R. V., Moraes, E. V., Mendonça, J. T. De, Carlos, A., Pós-graduação, N. De, Brasil, S. E. (2018). Disparidades no Tratamento do Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio entre Usuários dos Sistemas de Saúde Público e Privado em Sergipe. International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences, 31(4), 339–358.

Olivera Escalona, Á. L. (2015). Reperfusión coronaria en el infarto agudo del miocardio con elevación del segmento ST: importancia del contexto y tiempo de aplicación. Medisan, 19(10), 1259–1267.

Parati, G., Lombardi, C., Castagna, F., Mattaliano, P., Filardi, P. P., Agostoni, P., & Italian Society of Cardiology (SIC) Working Group on Heart Failure members. (2016). Heart failure and sleep disorders. Nature Reviews. Cardiology, 13(7), 389–403. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2016.71

Park, J., Choi, K. H., Lee, J. M., Kim, H. K., Hwang, D., Rhee, T., Kim, J., Park, T. K., Yang, J. H., Song, Y. Bin, Choi, J., Hahn, J., Choi, S., Koo, B., Chae, S. C., Cho, M. C., Kim, C. J., Kim, J. H., Jeong, M. H., Kim, H. (2019). Prognostic Implications of Door‐to‐Balloon Time and Onset‐to‐Door Time on Mortality in Patients With ST‐Segment–Elevation Myocardial Infarction Treated With Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Journal of the American Heart Association, 8(9), e012188. https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.119.012188

Piegas, L., Timerman, A., Feitosa, G., Nicolau, J., Mattos, L., Andrade, M., Avezum, A., Feldman, A., De Carvalho, A., Sousa, A., Mansur, A., Bozza, A., Falcão, B., Markman Filho, B., Polanczyk, C., Gun, C., Serrano Junior, C., Oliveira, C., Moreira, D., Mathias Junior, W. (2015). V Diretriz da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia Sobre Tratamento do Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio com Supradesnível do Segmento ST. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 105(2), 1–121. https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20150107

Ribeiro, J. L. P (2014). Revisão de Investigação e Evidência Científica. Psicologia, Saúde & Doenças, 15(3), 671-682.

Reimer, K. A., Lowe, J. E., Rasmussen, M. M., & Jennings, R. B. (1977). The wavefront phenomenon of ischemic cell death. 1. Myocardial infarct size vs duration of coronary occlusion in dogs. Circulation, 56(5), 786–794. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.56.5.786

Seki, A., & Fishbein, M. C. (2014). Ischemic Heart Disease. In Pathobiology of Human Disease: A Dynamic Encyclopedia of Disease Mechanisms. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386456-7.03305-0

Semenza, G. L. (2014). Oxygen Sensing, Hypoxia-Inducible Factors, and Disease Pathophysiology. Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, 9, 47–71. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pathol-012513-104720

Smith, V., Arunthavanathan, S., Nair, A., Ansermet, D., Da Silva Costa, F., & Wallace, E. M. (2018). A systematic review of cardiac time intervals utilising non-invasive fetal electrocardiogram in normal fetuses. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 18(1), 370. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-2006-8

Somuncu, M. U., Demir, A. R., Karakurt, S. T., Karakurt, H., & Karabag, T. (2019). Long term cardiovascular outcome based on aspirin and clopidogrel responsiveness status in young ST-elevated myocardial infarction patients. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 112(2) 138-146. https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20180251

Southerland, A. (2016). The History of Aspirin: from Willow Bark to Thomas Edison in the 20th Century. Neurology, 86(16), 2.391.

van der Pol, A., van Gilst, W. H., Voors, A. A., & van der Meer, P. (2019). Treating oxidative stress in heart failure: past, present and future. In European Journal of Heart Failure. 21(4), 425–435. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1320

Vigmond, E. J., & Stuyvers, B. D. (2016). Modeling our understanding of the His-Purkinje system. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 120(1–3), 179–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2015.12.013

Wang, G., Liu, R., Chang, Q., Xu, Z., Zhang, Y., & Pan, D. (2017). Electrocardiogram: His bundle potentials can be recorded noninvasively beat by beat on surface electrocardiogram. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 17(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-017-0516-3

Whelan, R. S., Kaplinskiy, V., & Kitsis, R. N. (2010). Cell Death in the Pathogenesis of Heart Disease: Mechanisms and Significance. Annual Review of Physiology, 72, 19–44. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.010908.163111

WHO | Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). (2019). WHO. https://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/en/

Wick, J. Y. (2012). Aspirin: A history, a love story. Consultant Pharmacist, 27(5), 322–329. https://doi.org/10.4140/TCP.n.2012.322

Downloads

Published

20/02/2022

How to Cite

BETT, M. S. .; ZARDO, J. M. .; UTIAMADA, J. L. .; RECKZIEGEL, J. L. .; SANTOS, V. V. dos . Acute myocardial infarction: From diagnosis to intervention. Research, Society and Development, [S. l.], v. 11, n. 3, p. e23811326447, 2022. DOI: 10.33448/rsd-v11i3.26447. Disponível em: https://rsdjournal.org/index.php/rsd/article/view/26447. Acesso em: 7 nov. 2024.

Issue

Vol. 11 No. 3

Section

Health Sciences

License

Copyright (c) 2022 Murilo Santos Bett; Julia Melin Zardo; Jessica Lie Utiamada; Juliana Lessmann Reckziegel; Vanessa Valgas dos Santos

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.

2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.

3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.