Environmental health inequities at COVID-19 pandemic times: challenges and perspectives
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i6.28649Keywords:
Covid-19; Pandemic; Inequities; Environmental health.Abstract
Negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic appear to disproportionately affect different population groups by outweighing the risks in socially and environmentally marginalized segments of society. The aim of the current study is to review on how environmental health inequities have negatively impacted the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as on challenges and perspectives in the post-pandemic transition context. The saturation of health services at tertiary level, difficulties in getting access to treatment for chronic morbidities, as well as the centuries-old unequal supply of essential environmental sanitation services are determining factors for inequity and pandemic severity levels. Strategies used to minimize disparities in the access to healthcare services have been directed towards integrating primary healthcare services to the health surveillance sector, as well as further developing digital health actions. It is possible concluding that the multidimensionality of the pandemic crisis must be understood based on the socio-environmental systemic perspective, with emphasis on its potential to worsen pre-existing environmental health inequities and to produce new inequities in the future in regions and populations affected by health and environmental vulnerability.
References
Abramo, L.; Cecchini, S., & Ullmann, H. (2020). Enfrentar las desigualdadesensaluden América Latina: elrol de la protección social. Ciência e SaúdeColetiva, 25(5), 1587-1598. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020255.32802019
Abreu, L. C. (2020). Integrated actions and strengthening of Public Health System in Brazil in a time of pandemic. Journal of Human Growth and Development, 30(1), 5-8. https://doi.org/10.7322/jhgd.v30.9980
Almeida-filho, N. D. (2020). Qualidade-equidadeemsaúde: novosdesafiosem um estado de mal-estar social. Interface (Botucatu), 24, 1-9. https://doi.org/ 10.1590/Interface.200171
Barros, F. P. C., Lopes, J. S., Mendonça, A. V. M., & Souza, M. F. (2016). Acesso e equidadenosserviços de saúde: umarevisãoestruturada. Saúdeem Debate, 40(110), 264-271. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-1104201611020
Barros, F. P. C. D., & Sousa, M. F. D. (2016). Equidade: seusconceitos, significações e implicações para o SUS. Saúde e Sociedade, 25(1), 9-18. https://doi.org/ 10.1590/S0104-12902016146195
Blundell, R., Dias, M. C., Joyce, R., & Xu, X. (2020). COVID-19 and Inequalities. Fiscal Studies, 41(2), 291–319. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-5890.12232
Chenneville, T., Gabbidon, K., Hanson, P., & Holyfield, C. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on HIV treatment and research: A call to action. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124548
Cobaito, F. C., & Cobaito, V. Q. (2020). SUS- Sistema Único de Saúde: a gênese, contemporaneidade, e osdesafios do amanhã. Perspectiva: Ciência e Saúde, 5(2), 16-35.
Estrela, F. M., et al. (2020). Pandemia da Covid 19: refletindo as vulnerabilidades a luz do gênero, raça e classe. Ciência e SaúdeColetiva, 25(9), 3431-3436. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020259.14052020
Farias, M. N., & Leite Junior, J. D. (2020). Vulnerabilidade social e covid-19: considerações a partir da terapiaocupacional social. CadernosBrasileiros de TerapiaOcupacional, 29(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1590/SciELOPreprints.494
Fortes, P. A. D. C. (2015). Refletindosobrevaloreséticos da Saúde Global. Saúde e Sociedade, 24(1), 152-161. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-12902015S01013
Fortes, P. A. D. C., & Ribeiro, H. (2014). Saúde Global em tempos de globalização. Saúde e Sociedade, 23(2), 366-375. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-12902014000200002
Freitas, C. M. D., Silva, I. V. D. M., & Cidade, N. D. C. (2020). Covid-19 as a global disaster: Challenges to risk governance and social vulnerability in Brazil. Ambiente e Sociedade, 23(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4422asoc20200115vu2020L3ID
Galindo Neto, N. M., Sá, G. G. de M., Barbosa, L. U., Pereira, J. de C. N., Henriques, A. H. B., Barros, L. M., Galindo Neto, N. M., Sá, G. G. de M., Barbosa, L. U., Pereira, J. de C. N., Henriques, A. H. B., & Barros, L. M. (2020). COVID-19 and digital technology: mobile applications available for download in smartphones. Texto & Contexto - Enfermagem, 29. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265x-tce-2020-0150
Governo do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. (2016). Desigualdades no acesso à saúde. Carta de Conjuntura FEE. http://carta.fee.tche.br/article/desigualdades-no-acesso-a-saude/
Giatti, L. L., Paz, M. G. A. da, Toledo, R. F. de, Lauda-Rodriguez, Z. L., & Milz, B. (2020). Editorial N° 04/2020 The emergence of coronavirus and contemporary socio-environmental challenges. Ambiente & Sociedade, 23. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4422asoceditorialvu2020l4ed
Greff, A. P., Melo, B. D., Lima, C. C., Pereira, D. R., Alves, E. G. R., Cornejo, E. R., Motoyama, E. P., Serpeloni, F., Avanci, J. Q., Scavacini, K., Cescon, L. F., Cacciacarro, M. F., Souza e Souza, M., Magrin, N. P., & Silva Filho, O. C. da. (2020). Saúde mental e atenção psicossocial na pandemia COVID-19: suicídio na pandemia COVID-19. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/41420
Harzheim, E., Martins, C., Wollmann, L., Pedebos, L. A., Faller, L. de A., Marques, M. das C., Minei, T. S. S., Cunha, C. R. H. da, Telles, L. F., Moura, L. J. N. de, Leal, M. H., Rodrigues, A. S., Rech, M. R. A., & D’Avila, O. P. (2020). Ações federais para apoio e fortalecimento local no combate ao COVID-19: a Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) no assento do condutor. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 25(suppl 1), 2493–2497. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020256.1.11492020
Lavor, A., Dominguez, B., Bardanachvili, E., & Machado, K. (2012). Conferência Mundial sobreDeterminantesSociais da Saúde. Equidade e direito à saúdeentramna agenda global. Revista RADIS Comunicação e Saúde, 113, 1-24. https://radis.ensp.fiocruz.br/phocadownload/revista/Radis113_web.pdf
Lima, N. T., Buss, P. M., & Paes-Sousa, R. (2020). A pandemia de COVID-19: uma crise sanitária e humanitária. Cadernos de SaúdePública, 36(7), 1-4. https:// doi/10.1590/0102-311X00177020
Macinko, J., & Lima-Costa, M. (2012). Horizontal equity in health care utilization in Brazil, 1998–2008. International Journal for Equity in Health, 11, 1-8. https://doi/10.1186/1475-9276-11-33
Martins-Filho, P. R., Araújo, A. A. S., Quintans-Junior, L. J., & Santos, V. S. (2020) COVID-19 fatality rates related to social inequality in Northeast Brazil: a neighbourhood-level analysis. Journal of Travel Medicine, 27(7), 1-3. https://doi/10.1093/jtm/taaa128
Martins-Filho, P. R., Quintans-Júnior, L. J., de Souza Araújo, A. A., Sposato, K. B., Souza Tavares, C. S., Gurgel, R. Q., Fontes Leite, D. C., de Paiva, S. M., Santos, H. P., & Santos, V. S. (2021). Socio-economic inequalities and COVID-19 incidence and mortality in Brazilian children: a nationwide register-based study. Public Health, 190, 4–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.11.005
Moniz, M. A., Carmo, C. N. D., & Hacon, S.S. (2016). Percepção da qualidadeambiental de localidadespróximasaoComplexoPetroquímico do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Ciência e SaúdeColetiva, 21(6), 1871-1878. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232015216.07362016
OPAS – Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde. (2019). Relatório da Comissãosobreequidade e desigualdadesemsaúdenasaméricas, 2019https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/51631/CD57-INF-6-p.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y
OPAS – Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde. (2020). COVID-19: Materiais de comunicação, 2020. https://www.paho.org/pt/covid-19-materiais-comunicacao
OPAS – Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde. (2020).30 conceitosfundamentais para o combate da COVID-19 na era da interdependência digital. https://docs.bvsalud.org/biblioref/2020/09/1119287/opaseihiscovid-19200017_por.pdf.
OPAS – Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde. (2020). Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável. https://www.paho.org/bra/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5849:objetivos-de-desenvolvimento-sustentavel&Itemid=875
Ortega, B., Sanjuán, J., & Casquero, A. (2020). Illicit financial flows and the provision of child and maternal health services in lowand middle-income countries. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 20(15), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-020-00236-w
Pereira, A. S. et al. (2018). Metodologia da pesquisa científica. [e-book]. Santa Maria. Ed. UAB/NTE/UFSM. Disponível em: https://repositorio.ufsm.br/bitstream/handle/1/15824/Lic_Computacao_Metodologia-Pesquisa-Cientifica.pdf?sequence=1. Acesso em: 20 fev. 2022
Ramirez-Valles, J,. Breton, E., Chae, D. H., Haardörfer, R., & Kuhns, L. M. (2020). The COVID-19 Pandemic: Everything Old Is New Again in Public Health Education. Health Education & Behavior, 47(4), 501-503. HTTPS://doi.org/10.1177/1090198120935067
Santos, A. K. S., Moniz, M. A., Louro, T. Q., Ribeiro, Y. C., Carmo, C. N., Daher, D. V., Sabóia, V. M., Soares, L. S., Dias, R. M., Vollmer, R. B. O., & Magalhães, A. G. C. (2020). Information and Comunication Technologies in COVID-19 times. Research, Society and Development, 9(11), 1-19, https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i11.10493
Segata, J. (2020). Covid-19, biossegurança e antropologia. Horizontesantropológicos, 26(57), 275-313. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-71832020000200010
Siqueira, S. A. V. D., Hollanda, E., & Motta, J. I. J. (2017). Políticas de Promoção de EquidadeemSaúde para gruposvulneráveis: o papel do Ministério da Saúde. Ciência e SaúdeColetiva, 22(5), 1397-1406. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232017225.33552016
Souza Junior, W. C. D., Gonçalves, D. A., & Cruz, D. B. (2020). COVID-19: Desigualdades locais/regionais e impactossobreainfraestruturacrítica de saúde no Brasil. Ambiente e sociedade, 23, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4422asoc20200114vu2020L3ID
Souza, C. D. F. D., Carmo, R. F. D., & Machado, M. F. (2020). The burden of COVID-19 in Brazil is greater in areas with high social deprivation. Journal of Travel Medicine, 27(7). https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa145
Souza, D. O. (2020). A pandemia de COVID-19 para além das Ciências da Saúde: reflexes sobre sua determinação social. Ciência e Saúde Coletiva, 25, 2469-2477. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020256.1.11532020
Travassos, L. R. F. C., Moreira, R. M. P., & Cortez, R. S. (2020). The virus, the disease and the inequality. Ambiente e Sociedade, 23. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4422asoc20200111vu2020L3ID
Urbano, R. C., & Nakada, L. Y. K. (2021). COVID-19 pandemic: Solid waste and environmental impacts in Brazil. Science of The Total Environment. 755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142471
Ventura, D. F. L. et al. Desafios da pandemia de COVID-19: por uma agenda brasileira de pesquisa em saúde global e sustentabilidade. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 36(4), 1-5, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00040620
Werneck, G. L., Carvalho, M. S. (2020). A pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil: crônica de uma crise sanitáriaanunciada. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 36(5), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00068820
WHO – World Health Organization (2019). World health statistics overview 2019: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/311696
WHO – World Health Organization. 2020. World health statistics 2020: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332070
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Marcela de Abreu Moniz; Rayara Mozer Dias; Silviamar Camponogara; Onofre Saback dos Anjos; Ariadne Gomes da Costa Magalhães; Lourdes Maria Nunes Almeida; Yasmim Campos dos Santos Maia; Sarah Garcia Naslausky; Isabelle Vieira Silva de Souza
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.