Incorporation of Tubi-bee (Scaptotrigona sp) pollen in biodegradable films of alginate, pectin and starch
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i9.31603Keywords:
Films; Biopolymers; Pollen; Experimental Design.Abstract
The demand for packaging made of biopolymers is currently increasing to meet the need for food conservation with lower environmental impact. The aim of this work was to develop and characterize polymer films spiked with bee pollen for use in food packaging. In this work, an experimental design of mixtures with fourteen tests was used, in which the independent variables (alginate, pectin and starch concentrations) were analyzed for the subjective aspects and the characteristics of moisture (ω), thickness (δ), water solubility (S) and water vapor permeability (WVP). Concentrations of 10g of pollen, 3ml of glycerol, and 30ml of 1m calcium chloride were established for all tests. Based on the best results for homogeneity, continuity, transparency, and flexibility, and the lowest values for ω, δ, S, and WVP, five tests were selected (G4, G6, G7, G8, and G10) that were characterized for their mechanical properties and optical microscopy. The results show that the G6 film (1/3g pectin + 2/3g starch) presented the best tensile strength (2.83MPa) but also the lowest elongation at break value (4.05%), showing itself to be more rigid, while the G8 film (2/3g alginate + 1/3g starch) achieved a better elongation (9.60%). Young's modulus of elasticity ranged from 35.05 to 137.06MPa. In optical microscopy, the pollen grains were clearly observed in all optimized formulations. The properties observed in the optimized films are promising for use as edible and biodegradable packaging, but further testing is recommended.
References
Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). Alimentos. Guia. n. 16, versão 1, de 5 de outubro de 2018.
Araruna, F. O. S., Araruna, F. B., Pereira, L. P. L. A., Brito, M. C. A., Gomes, P. D. B., Santos, D. C. P., Firmo, W. da C. A., Rocha, A. A., Rodrigues, K. A. da F., Santana, A. A., Nunes, L. C. C., & Coutinho, D. F. (2021). Development and characterization of curative films based on Attalea speciosa Mart mesocarp. ex Spreng and glycolic extract of Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. Research, Society and Development, 10(2), 1-15. 10.33448/rsd-v10i2.12520. https://rsdjournal.org/index.php/rsd/article/view/12520.
Astm International (2016). ASTM E96/E96M-16. In Standard, test methods of water vapor transmission of materials. West Conshohocken.
Astm International ASTM D-882 (2012). Standard test method for tensile properties in thin flms sheeting. In ASTMD882–18. West Conshohocken.
Babapour, H., Jalali, H., Mohammadi Nafchi, A. (2021). The synergistic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles and fennel essential oil on physicochemical, mechanical, and antibacterial properties of potato starch films. Food Sci Nutr., 9, 3893-3905. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2371
Basiak, E., Lenart, A. & Debeaufort, F. (2017). Effect of starch type on the physico-chemical properties of edible films. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 98, 348-356. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.122
Bierhalz, A. C. K., Da Silva, M. A. & Kieckbusch, T. G. (2012). Natamycin release from alginate/pectin films for food packaging applications. Journal of Food Engineering, 110(1), 18-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.12.016
Bodini, R. B., Sobral, P. J. A., Favaro-Trindade C. S., Carvalho, R.A. (2013). Properties of gelatin-based films with added ethanol–propolis extract. Food Science and Technology, 51(1), 104-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2012.10.013
Bonamigo, T., Campos, J. F., Alfredo, T. M., Balestieri, B. P., Cardoso, C. A. L., Paredes-Gamero, E. J., de Picoli Souza, K., Dos Santos, E. L. (2017). Antioxidant, cytotoxic, and toxic activities of propolis from two native bees in Brazil: Scaptotrigona depilis and Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1038153
Caetano, K. dos S., Hessel, C.T., Tondo, E. C., Flôres, S. H. Cladera-Olivera, F. (2017). Application of active cassava starch films incorporated with oregano essential oil and pumpkin residue extract on ground beef. Journal of Muscle Foods, 37, e12355. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfs.12355
Chandra Mohan, C., Harini, K., Karthikeyan, S., Sudharsan, K., Sukumar, M. (2018). Effect of film constituents and different processing conditions on the properties of starch based thermoplastic films. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 120(Pt B), 2007–2016. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.161
Cherman, K. A., Scapim, M. R. Da S., Silva, J. F., Madrona, G. S. (2022). Characterization Of An Edible Coating Based On Alginate And Essential Oils. Research, Society And Development, 11(2), E52911226145. doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i2.26145
Costa, D. M. A. da, Santos, A. F. dos, Silva, E. D. da, Silva, I. A. da. (2017). Desenvolvimento e caracterização de filmes à base de amido de feijão macáçar (Vigna Unguiculata). HOLOS, 7, 2-16.
Costa, M. J., Marques, A. M., Pastrana, L. M., Texeira, J. A., Sillankorva, S. M. Cerqueira, M. A. (2018). Physicochemical properties of alginate-based films: Effect of ionic crosslinking and mannuronic and guluronic acid ratio. Food Hydrocolloids, 81, 442-448. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.03.014
Da Silva, D. C., Lopes, I. A., Da Silva, L. J. S., Lima, M. F., Barros Filho, A. K. D., Villa-Vélez, H. A., Santana, A. A. (2019). Physical properties of films based on pectin and babassu coconut mesocarp. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 130, 419-428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.151
Dash, K. K., Ali, N. A., Dipannita, D., Mohanta, D. (2019). Thorough evaluation of sweet potato starch and lemon-waste pectin based-edible films with nano-titania inclusions for food packaging applications. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 139, 449-458. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.193
Do Evangelho, J. A., Dannenberg, G. da S., Biduski, B., El Halal, S. L. M., Kringel, D. H., Gularte, M. A., Fiorentini, A. M. Zavareze, E. da R. (2019). Antibacterial activity, optical, mechanical, and barrier properties of corn starch films containing orange essential oil. Carbohydrate Polymers, 222, 114981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.114981
Fakhouri, F. M., Martelli, S. M., Caon, T., Velasco, J. I., Mei, L. H. I. (2015). Edible films and coatings based on starch/gelatin: Film properties and effect of coatings on quality of refrigerated Red Crimson grapes. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 109, 57-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2015.05.015
Gouveia, T. I. A., Biernacki, K., Castro, M. C. R., Gonçalves, M. P., Souza, H. K. S. (2019) A new approach to develop biodegradable films based on thermoplastic pectin. Food Hydrocolloids, 97, 105175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.105175
Jeya Jeevahan J., Chandrasekaran M., Venkatesan S.P., Sriram V., Britto Joseph G., Mageshwaran G., Durairaj R.B. (2020). Scaling up difficulties and commercial aspects of edible films for food packaging: A review. Trends Food Science & Technoly, 100, 210–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.04.014
Kurukavak, Ç. K. (2022). Nanomaterials in preparation of bionanocomposites for food packaging applications, In Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering, 43-68. Woodhead Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-88528-7.00010-1
Lewandowska, K., Sionkowska, A. & Grabska, S. (2015). Chitosan blends containing hyaluronic acid and collagen. Compatibility behaviour. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 212, 879-884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2015.10.047
Li, C., Hu, Y. & Li, E. (2021). Effects of amylose and amylopectin chain-length distribution on the kinetics of long-term rice starch retrogradation. Food Hydrocolloids, 111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106239
Li, S., Ma, Y., Ji, T., Sameen, D. E., Ahmed, S., Qin, W., Dai, J., Li, S., Liu, Y. (2020). Cassava starch/carboxymethylcellulose edible films embedded with lactic acid bacteria to extend the shelf life of banana. Carbohydrate Polymers, 248, 116805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116805
Lopes, I. A., Paixão, L. C., da Silva, L. J. S., Rocha, A. A., Barros Filho, A. K. D., Santana, A. A. (2020). Elaboration and characterization of biopolymer films with alginate and babassu coconut mesocarp. Carbohydrate Polymers, 234, 115747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115747
Lopez, D. F., Osório, O. & Checa, O. E. (2019). Propiedades mecánicas de un material de pectina para revestimiento de fibras naturales utilizadas en aplicaciones agrícolas. Informacões Tecnológicas. La Serena, 30(3), 189-198, jun. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-07642019000300189
Luchese, C. L., Frick, J. M., Patzer, V. L., Spada, J. C. Tessaro, I. C. (2015). Synthesis and characterization of biofilms using native and modified pinhão starch. Food Hydrocolloids, 45, 203–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2014.11.015
Mahuwala, A. A., Hemant, V., Meharwade, S. D., Deb, A., Chakravorty, A., Grace, A. N. Raghavan, V. (2020). Synthesis and characterisation of starch/agar nanocomposite films for food packaging application. IET Nanobiotechnol.,14, 809-814. 10.1049/iet-nbt.2020.0100
Mali S., Grossman, M. V. E. & Yamashita, F. (2010). Starch films: production, properties and potential of utilization. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 31(1), 137-156. ISSN: 1679-0359
Melo, P. T. S., Aouada, F. A. & Moura, M. R. (2017). Fabricação de filmes bionanocompósitos à base de pectina e polpa de cacau com potencial uso como embalagem para alimentos. Química Nova, 40(3), 247-251. Disponível em: http://quimicanova.sbq.org.br/detalhe_artigo.asp?id=6544
Ngo, T. M. P., Nguyen, T. H., Dang, T. M.Q. D., Tran, T.X., Rachtanapun, P. (2020). Characteristics and antimicrobial properties of active edible films based on pectin and nanochitosan. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21, 2224. 10.3390/ijms21062224
Nogueira, G. F., Soares, I. H. B. T., Soares, C. T., Fakhouri, F. M., de Oliveira, R. A. (2022). Development and characterization of arrowroot starch films incorporated with grape pomace extract. Polysaccharides, 3(1), 250-263. 10.3390/polysaccharides3010014
Otoni, C.G., Avena-Bustillos, R.J., Azeredo, H.M.C., Lorevice, M.V., Moura, M.R., Mattoso, L.H.C., McHugh, T.H. (2017). Recent advances on edible films based on fruits and vegetables: a review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 16 (5), 1151-1169. 10.1111/1541-4337.12281
Paixão, L. C., Lopes, I. A., Barros Filho, A. K. D., Santana, A. A. (2019). Alginate biofilms plasticized with hydrophilic and hydrophobic plasticizers for application in food packaging. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 136(48), 48263. doi:10.1002/app.48263
Raposo, A. K. da S., Paixão, L. C., Rocha, A. A., Lopes, I. A., Santos, G. A. S., Ribeiro, G. A. C., de Menezes, A. S., Barros Filho, A. K. D., Santana, A. A. (2020). Characterization of biodegradable films produced from mixtures of alginate, starch and babassu fibers. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 1-15. 10.1007/s10924-020-01952-z
Rzepecka-Stojko, A., Stojko, J., Kurek-Górecka, A., Górecki, M., Kabała-Dzik, A., Kubina, R., Moździerz, A. Buszman, E. (2015). Polyphenols from Bee Pollen: Structure, Absorption, Metabolism and Biological Activity. Molecules, 20 (12), 21732-21749.
Santana, A. A. & Kieckbusch, T. G. (2013). Physical evaluation of biodegradable films of calcium alginate plasticized with polyols. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 30(4), 835–845. doi:10.1590/S0104-66322013000400015
Santana, J. S., de Carvalho Costa, É. K., Rodrigues, P. R., Correia, P. R. C., Cruz, R. S., Druzian, J. I. (2019). Morphological, barrier, and mechanical properties of cassava starch films reinforced with cellulose and starch nanoparticles. J. Applied Polymer Science, 136, 47001. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.47001
Sayanjali, S., Ghanbarzadeh, B. & Ghiassifar, S. (2011). Evaluation of antimicrobial and physical properties of edible film based on carboxymethyl cellulose containing potassium sorbate on some mycotoxigenic Aspergillus species in fresh pistachios. Food Science and Technology, 44 (4), 1133–1138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2010.12.017
Shankar, S., Wang, L.F. & Rhim, J.W. (2017). Preparation and properties of carbohydrate-based composite films incorporated with CuO nanoparticles. Carbohydr Polymers, 1(169), 264-271.
Sobral, P. J. do A. & Ocuno, D. (2000). Permeabilidade ao vapor de água de biofilmes à base de proteínas miofibrilares de carne. Brazilian Journal food Technology, 3, 11-16.
Song, K., Zuo, G., & Chen, F. (2018). Effect of essential oil and surfactant on the physical and antimicrobial properties of corn and wheat starch films. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 107, 1302–1309. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.114
Sood, A. & Saini, C. S. (2022). Red pomelo peel pectin based edible composite films: effect of pectin incorporation on mechanical, structural, morphological and thermal properties of composite films. Food Hydrocolloids, 123, 107135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107135
Suderman, N., Isa, M. I. N. & Sarbon, N. M. (2018). The effect of plasticizers on the functional properties of biodegradable gelatin-based film: a review. Food Bioscience, 24, 111-119. 10.1016/j.fbio.2018.06.006
Wang, X., Zang, Y., Liang, H., Zhou, X., Fang, C., Zhang, C., Lou, Y. (2019). Synthesis and properties of castor oil-based waterborne polyurethane/sodium alginate composites with tunable properties. Carbohyd. Polymers, 208, 391-397. 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.090.
Wihodo, M. & Moraru, C.I. (2013). Physical and chemical methods used to enhance the structure and mechanical properties of protein films. Journal of Food Engineering,114, 292–302. 10.5772/48167
Yang, J., Fan, Y., Cui, J., Yang, L., Su, H., Yang, P., Pan, J. (2021). Colorimetric films based on pectin/sodium alginate/xanthan gum incorporated with raspberry pomace extract for monitoring protein-rich food freshnes. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 185, 959-965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.198
Zhang, P., Zhao, Y. & Shi, Q. (2016). Characterization of a novel edible film based on gum ghatti: effect of plasticizer type and concentration. Carbohydrate Polymers, 153, 345-355. 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.07.082
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Gabrielle Vieira da Silva Brasil; Ana Karoliny da Silva Raposo; Geyse Adriana Corrêa Ribeiro; Denilson Moreira Santos; Wellyson da Cunha Araújo Firmo; Ilmar Alves Lopes; Djavania Azevedo da Luz; Louryval Coelho Paixão; Audirene Amorim Santana; Maria Célia Pires Costa
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
