Production of activated carbon from malt bagasse with chemical activation using different activating agents
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i11.33766Keywords:
Hydrothermal carbonization; Adsorption; Activated carbon; Waste; Dyes.Abstract
Brazil is the third largest beer producer in the world, reaching approximately 14 billion liters per year. If, on the one hand, the expansion of the brewing sector in the country produces a significant increase in the Brazilian GDP, it also causes environmental impacts inherent to the process, since different residues are produced during production and the main one is malt bagasse. This work aimed to investigate the use of malt bagasse through the production of coal via hydrothermal synthesis with subsequent chemical activation by pyrolysis. First, the parameters time (4, 14 and 24h) and temperature (150, 175, 225 and 250 ºC) of hydrothermal carbonization were evaluated, having as a response the efficiency of removal of methylene blue dye in aqueous solution. Subsequently, three activating agents (KOH, H3PO4 and ZnCl2) were used in two mass proportions (1:1 and 2:1) for the production of activated carbons. The different conditions were evaluated in terms of surface area (SBET) and adsorption efficiency. Chemical activation was able to increase the surface area of the carbons by approximately 200 times. Activated carbon with KOH showed better performance in removing the dye, reaching an efficiency of 95.39% under the conditions submitted. The increase in the proportion of activating agent led to greater adsorption efficiencies, as it increased the surface area of activated carbons. All coals showed a predominance of mesopores, confirmed by N2 adsorption and desorption isotherms and pore size distribution.
References
Andrade, R. C., Almeida, C. F., Suegama, P. H., Arruda, E. J., Arroyo, P. A., & Carvalho, C. T. (2015). Buriti palm stem as a potential renewable source for activated carbon production. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 3, 28-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2015.02.002
Associação Brasileira da Indústria da Cerveja- CERVBRASIL. (2020). Disponível em: http://www.cervbrasil.org.br/novo_site/mercado-cervejeiro/. Acesso em: 11/01/2022
Bhatnagar A, Hogland W, Marques M, & Sillanpää M (2013) An overview of the modification methods of activated carbon for its water treatment applications. Chemical Engineering Journal, 219: 499-511. https://doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2012.12.038.
Franciski, M. A., Peres, E. C., Godinho, M., Perondi, D., Foletto, E. L., Collazzo, G. C., & Dotto, G. L. (2018). Development of CO2 activated biochar from solid wastes of a beer industry and its application for methylene blue adsorption. Waste Management, 78, 630-638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.06.040
Jackowski, M., Lech, M., Veetil, V. K., Arora, A., Seruga, P., Krochmalny, K., & Baranowski, M. (2020). HTC of wet residues of the brewing process: Comprehensive characterization of produced beer, spent grain and valorized residues. Energies, 13 (8). https://doi.org/10.3390/en13082058
Juchen, P. T., Piffer, H. H., Veit, M. T., Gonçalves, G. C., Palácio, S. M., & Zanette, J. C. (2018). Biosorption of reactive blue BF-5G dye by malt bagasse: kinetic and equilibrium studies. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 6 (6), 7111-7118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.11.009
Lee, J., Kim, K-H., & Kwon, E. E. (2017). Biochar as a Catalyst. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77, 70-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.002
Lopes, G. K. P., Zanella, H. G., Spessato, L., Ronix, A., Viero, P., Fonseca, J. M., Yokoyama, J. T. C., Cazetta, A. L., & Almeida, V. C. (2021). Steam-activated carbon from malt bagasse: Optimization of preparation conditions and adsorption studies of sunset yellow food dye. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 14 (3), 103001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103001
Lopes, R. P., & Astruc, D. (2020). Biochar as a support for nanocatalysts and other reagents: Recent advances and applications. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 426, 213585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213585
Machado, L. M. M., Lütke, S. F., Perondi, D., Godinho, M., Oliveira, M. L. S., Collazzo, G. C., & Dotto, G. L. (2020). Treatment of effluents containing 2-chlorophenol by adsorption onto chemically and physically activated biochars. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 8 (6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.104473
Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento – MAPA. (2022). ANUÁRIO DA CERVEJA 2020. https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/com-crescimento-de-14-4-em-2020-numero-de-cervejarias-registradas-no-brasil-passa-de-1-3-mil/anuariocerveja2.pdf.
Morais, R. M., Santana, G. M., Lelis, R. C. C., Paes, J. B., Schueler, M. V. E., & Morbeck, F. L. (2019). Produção e desempenho de carvão ativado fisicamente a partir de Bambusa vulgaris. Brazilian Journal of Forestry Research, 39 (1). https://doi.org/10.4336/2019.pfb.39e201801668
Nasrullah, A., Saad, B., Bhat, A. H., Khan, A. S., Danish, M., Isa, M. H., &Naeem, A. (2019). Mangosteen peel waste as a sustainable precursor for high surface area mesoporous activated carbon: Characterization and application for methylene blue removal. Journal of Cleaner Production, 211, 1190-1200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.094
Oliveira, G. F., Andrade, R. C., Trindade, M. A. G., Andrade, H. M. C., & Carvalho, C. T. (2017). Thermogravimetric and spectroscopic study (TG–DTA/FT–IR) of activated carbon from the renewable biomass source babassu. Química Nova, 40 (3). https://doi.org/10.21577/0100-4042.20160191
Pego, M. F. F., Bianchi, M. L., Carvalho, J. A., & Veiga, T. R. L. A. (2019). Surface modification of activated carbon by corona treatment. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 91(1). 10.1590/0001-3765201920170947
Reinehr, R. C. R., Giordanni, P. R., Alves, A. A. de A., Klen, M. R. F., & Tones, A. R. M. (2019). Application of the statistical experimental design to optimize the electrocoagulation technology in the treatment of cosmetic industry wastewater. Journal Desalination and Water Treatment, 138, 27-35. 10.5004/dwt.2019.23282
Rocha, D. N., Barbosa, E. G., Renato, N. S., Varejão, E. V. V., Silva, U. P., Araujo, M. E. V., & Martins, M, A. (2020). Improving biofuel production by thermochemical conversion of defatted Scenedesmus obliquus biomass. Journal of Cleaner Production, 275, 124090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124090
Rodríguez-Reinoso, F.; & Molina-Sabio, M. (2004). El carbón activado como adsorbente en descontaminacion ambiental. Adsorbentes en la solución de algunos problemas ambientales. Madrid: Ediciones, p. 37–52.
Teixeira, V. G., Coutinho, F. M. B., & Gomes, A. S. (2001). Principais métodos de caracterização da porosidade de resinas à base de divinilbenzeno. Química Nova, 24 (6). https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422001000600019
Wong S, Ngadi N, Inuwa I M, & Hassan O. (2018) Recent advances in applications of activated carbon from biowaste for wastewater treatment: A short review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 175: 361-375. https://doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.059
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Mariana Carvalho Barbosa; Fernanda Pereira da Silva Araújo; Angélica Priscila Santos Alves; Ana Luisa Gonçalves Mendes; Rita de Cássia Superbi Sousa; Wagner Luís da Silva Faria; Abraham Damian Giraldo Zuniga
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
