Re-signification of mourning and death in times of pandemic
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i16.37827Keywords:
Mourning; Death; Pandemic; Palliative care.Abstract
Freud in his book ‘Mourning and Melancholia’ concludes that the loss of the love object puts the ego before a slow and painful work: the work of mourning. According to him, such a task takes time, thus libido shutdown needs to take place. It was formerly aimed at the lost object so that the ego becomes free to new investments. Thus, ego would be freed from a melancholic state to elaborate mourning. Consequences and changes in the perceptions of death and mourning in the COVID-19 pandemic have been investigated by means of a literature review on the Virtual Health Library (VHL) database with the following keywords: mourning, death, pandemic, and palliative care. It was followed by another literature review, this time with the keyword ‘psychoanalysis’ and without the keyword ‘palliative care’. From the theoretical framework of ‘Mourning and Melancholia’, the essay ‘On Transience’ and ‘Reflections on War and Death’, we have investigated how mourning works in times of pandemic, in which death becomes more frequent in daily life. When relating current papers to the concept proposed by Freud to analyze how the pandemic reframed the concept of mourning and death, we concluded that palliative care may help during the mourning process, identifying cases in which mourning becomes pathological and proposing multidisciplinary measures.
References
Acioli, G. G. & Bergamo, D.C. (2019). Cuidado à família enlutada: uma ação pública necessária. Saúde debate, 43 (122). https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-1104201912212
Breen, L.J., Lee, S.A. & Neimeyer., R.A. (2021). Psychological Risk Factors of Functional Impairment After COVID-19 Deaths. J Pain Symptom Manage , 61(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2021.01.006
Byock, I. Principles of Palliative Medicine. In: WALSH, D. et al. Palliative Medicine [An Expert Consult Title]. Philadelphia, USA: Saunders Elsevier, p.33-41
Cardoso, É.A., Silva, B.C.A., Santos, J.H., Lotério, L.C., Accoroni, A.C. & Santos, M.A. (2020). Efeitos da supressão de rituais fúnebres durante a pandemia de COVID-19 em familiares enlutados. Rev. latinoam. enferm., 28(3361). https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.4519.3361
Cavalcante, L. T. & Oliveira, A.A. (2020). Métodos de revisão bibliográfica nos estudos científicos. Psicologia em Revista, Belo Horizonte, 26(1), 83-102. https://doi.org/10.5752/P.1678-9563.2020v26n1p82-100
Crepaldi, M.A., Schmidt, B., Noal, D.S., Bolze, S.D.A. & Gabarra, L.M. (2020). Terminalidade, morte e luto na pandemia de COVID-19: demandas psicológicas emergentes e implicações práticas. Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas), 37(200090). https://doi.org/ 10.1590/1982-0275202037e200090
Davies, Elizabeth, Higginson, Irene J & World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. (2004). Palliative care: the solid facts. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/107561
Freud, S. (2006). A Interpretação dos Sonhos(I). In Edição Standard das Obras Psicológicas Completas de Sigmund Freud (J. Salomão, Trad. V. IV). Rio de Janeiro: Imago. (Trabalho original publicado em 1900).
Freud, S. (2011). Luto e Melancolia. (Marilene Carone, trad.). São Paulo: Cosac Naify. (Trabalho original publicado em 1917).
Freud, S. (2006). Sobre a Transitoriedade. In: Edição Standard das Obras Psicológicas Completas de Sigmund Freud (J. Salomão, trad,, V. XIV, , pp.317-319). Rio de Janeiro: Imago. (Trabalho original publicado em 1915).
Freud, S. (2006). Considerações atuais sobre a guerra e a morte. In: Edição Standard das Obras Psicológicas Completas de Sigmund Freud (J. Salomão, trad,, V. XII). Rio de Janeiro: Imago. (Trabalho original publicado em 1915).
Florêncio, R. S., Cestari, V.R., Souza, L.C., Flor, A.C., Nogueira, V.P., Moreira, T.M., Salvetti, M.G. & Pessoa, V.L.M.P. (2020). Cuidados paliativos no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19: desafios e contribuições. Acta Paul Enferm. 33, 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37689/acta- ape/2020AO01886
Gergerich, E., Mallonee, J., Gherardi, S., Kale-Cheever &M.,Duga, F. (2021). Strengths and Struggles for Families Involved in Hospice Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Soc Work End Life Palliat Care. 17(2-3), 198-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/15524256.2020.1845907
Júnior,L.A.S. & Henderson, G.F (2021). Testemunhos durante a pandemia: reflexões psicanalíticas sobre trauma, Estado, economia e morte. Saúde Soc. São Paulo. 30(3), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-12902021200435
Khel, M. R. Melancolia e Criação. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2011.
Lo Bianco, A.C. & Costa, C.F. (2020). COVID-19: luto, morte e a sustentação do laço social. Psicologia: Ciência e Profissão. 40(244103), 1-11.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-3703003244103
O’Connor, M. & Wilson, B. (2021). Managing bereavement when a family member dies in an aged care home: the impact of COVID‐19. Med J Aust. 214(7), 333–333.doi: 10.5694/mja2.51003
Rocha, A.P. (2020). Psicanálise em tempos de pandemia: o que pode o psicanalista? Rev. bras. psicanálise. 54(2), 59-72. ISSN 0486-641X.
Soares, J.B.S. & Rodrigues, P.M. (2019). A exigência psíquica dos rituais de despedida diante da morte em uma UTI da COVID-19 (Sars - CoV - 2). aSEPHallus; 15(29): 103-117. ISSN 1809 - 709 X
Sousa, A. S.; Oliveira, S. O. & Alves, L H. (2021). A Pesquisa Bibliográfica: princípios e fundamentos. Cadernos da Fucamp. 20(43), 64-83.
Sousa, M.T., Silva, M.D., Carvalho, R. (2010). Revisão integrativa: o que é e como fazer. Einstein. 8(1), 102-106.
Worldometer (2022, November 1.) Current world population. Retrieved November 1, 2022, from https://www.worldometers.info/
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Lúcio Aparecido Moreira; Marcela Rêda Guimarães
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.